Tatem Levins
C Durham Bulls| Year | Age | Lvl / Team | PA | AVG/OBP/SLG | HR | SB | wRC+ | WAR | MLE AVG/OBP/SLG |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | 25 | A+TB | 293 | .219/.324/.347 | 8 | 1 | 34 | — | .155/.231/.246 |
| 2025 | 26 | AATB | 396 | .244/.407/.383 | 7 | 2 | 91 | — | .216/.336/.336 |
| 2026 | 27 | AAA/AATB | 397 | .231/.354/.394 | 13 | 5 | 66 | — | .192/.284/.304 |
| 2027PROJ10% MLB | 28 | MLBTB | 16 | .208/.306/.327 | 0 | 0 | 82 | 0.0 | |
| 2028PROJ33% MLB | 29 | MLBTB | 69 | .208/.304/.324 | 1 | 0 | 81 | 0.1 | |
| 2029PROJ46% MLB | 30 | MLBTB | 106 | .206/.301/.320 | 2 | 0 | 79 | 0.1 |
Tools · ContractCON 40 / POW 40
Career Stats + Projections
Methodology▸ how these numbers are built
All seasons translated to park-neutral MLB-equivalent (MLE) and combined per year. 2027 = full-season projection (no games played yet). 2028+ via Advanced Marcel + aging curve. Catcher framing: only 2027 Statcast framing is modeled (Baseball Savant server-caches the leaderboard to the current season); prior-year framing is unmodeled — projections for established framers may run 1-3 WAR low.
| Year | Age | Lvl | Team | MLB% | PA | AB | H | 2B | 3B | HR | BB | SO | HBP | SB | CS | AVG | OBP | SLG | OPS | ISO | BABIP | K% | BB% | wOBA | wRC+ | BAT | RUN | FLD | POS | REP | WAR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ▸ Career — actual stats, one row per stint (as recorded, no adjustments) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 23 | ROK | ACL Mariners | — | 22 | 15 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 467 | 636 | 467 | 1.103 | 500 | 5 | 32 | 510 | 147 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 2023 | 24 | A | Modesto Nuts | — | 279 | 248 | 71 | 18 | 1 | 9 | 29 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 286 | 361 | 476 | 837 | 190 | 337 | 20 | 10 | 368 | 83 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2024 | 25 | A+ | Bowling Green Hot Rods | — | 293 | 251 | 55 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 32 | 70 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 219 | 324 | 347 | 671 | 127 | 267 | 24 | 11 | 306 | 34 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2025 | 26 | AA | Montgomery Biscuits | — | 396 | 308 | 75 | 20 | 1 | 7 | 77 | 100 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 244 | 407 | 383 | 790 | 140 | 335 | 25 | 19 | 364 | 91 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2026 | 27 | AAA | Durham Bulls | — | 382 | 315 | 72 | 14 | 0 | 13 | 54 | 87 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 229 | 347 | 397 | 743 | 168 | 268 | 23 | 14 | 331 | 64 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2026 | 27 | AA | Montgomery Biscuits | — | 15 | 10 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 300 | 533 | 300 | 833 | 500 | 27 | 20 | 419 | 118 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ▸ Career — adjusted (every ACTUAL line translated to park/league-neutral MLB equivalents) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 23 | ROK MLE | ACL Mariners | — | 22 | 18 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 333 | 455 | 333 | 788 | 390 | 5 | 18 | 385 | 147 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 2023 | 24 | A MLE | Modesto Nuts | — | 279 | 258 | 61 | 13 | 1 | 8 | 19 | 76 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 236 | 289 | 388 | 676 | 151 | 296 | 27 | 7 | 291 | 83 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2024 | 25 | A+ MLE | Bowling Green Hot Rods | — | 293 | 264 | 41 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 19 | 96 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 155 | 231 | 246 | 477 | 91 | 209 | 33 | 6 | 219 | 34 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2025 | 26 | AA MLE | Montgomery Biscuits | — | 396 | 333 | 72 | 20 | 1 | 6 | 52 | 121 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 216 | 336 | 336 | 672 | 120 | 309 | 31 | 13 | 302 | 91 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2026 | 27 | AAA MLE | Durham Bulls | — | 382 | 334 | 63 | 12 | 0 | 9 | 37 | 104 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 189 | 277 | 305 | 583 | 117 | 233 | 27 | 10 | 263 | 64 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2026 | 27 | AA MLE | Montgomery Biscuits | — | 15 | 11 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 273 | 467 | 273 | 739 | 450 | 33 | 13 | 342 | 118 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 2022 | 23 | ROK MLE | ACL Mariners | — | 22 | 18 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 333 | 455 | 333 | 788 | 353 | 5 | 18 | 385 | 147 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 2022 | 23 | ROK RAW | ACL Mariners | — | 22 | 15 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 467 | 636 | 467 | 1.103 | 500 | 5 | 32 | 510 | 147 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 2023 | 24 | A MLE | Modesto Nuts | — | 279 | 258 | 61 | 13 | 1 | 8 | 19 | 76 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 236 | 289 | 388 | 676 | 151 | 301 | 27 | 7 | 291 | 83 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2023 | 24 | A RAW | Modesto Nuts | — | 279 | 248 | 71 | 18 | 1 | 9 | 29 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 286 | 361 | 476 | 837 | 190 | 337 | 20 | 10 | 368 | 83 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2024 | 25 | A+ MLE | Bowling Green Hot Rods | — | 293 | 264 | 41 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 19 | 96 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 155 | 231 | 246 | 477 | 91 | 212 | 33 | 6 | 219 | 34 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2024 | 25 | A+ RAW | Bowling Green Hot Rods | — | 293 | 251 | 55 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 32 | 70 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 219 | 324 | 347 | 671 | 127 | 267 | 24 | 11 | 306 | 34 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2025 | 26 | AA MLE | Montgomery Biscuits | — | 396 | 333 | 72 | 20 | 1 | 6 | 52 | 121 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 216 | 336 | 336 | 672 | 120 | 317 | 31 | 13 | 302 | 91 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2025 | 26 | AA RAW | Montgomery Biscuits | — | 396 | 308 | 75 | 20 | 1 | 7 | 77 | 100 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 244 | 407 | 383 | 790 | 140 | 335 | 25 | 19 | 364 | 91 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2026 | 27 | AAA MLE | 2 teams | — | 397 | 345 | 66 | 12 | 0 | 9 | 39 | 109 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 191 | 285 | 304 | 589 | 113 | 246 | 27 | 10 | 266 | 66 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2026 | 27 | AAA RAW | 2 teams | — | 397 | 325 | 75 | 14 | 0 | 13 | 57 | 91 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 231 | 354 | 394 | 748 | 163 | 274 | 23 | 14 | 334 | 66 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2022 | 23 | ROK MLE | ACL Mariners | — | 22 | 18 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 333 | 455 | 333 | 788 | 390 | 5 | 18 | 385 | 147 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 2023 | 24 | A MLE | Modesto Nuts | — | 279 | 258 | 61 | 13 | 1 | 8 | 19 | 76 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 236 | 289 | 388 | 676 | 151 | 296 | 27 | 7 | 291 | 83 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2024 | 25 | A+ MLE | Bowling Green Hot Rods | — | 293 | 265 | 41 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 19 | 96 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 155 | 231 | 245 | 476 | 91 | 209 | 33 | 6 | 219 | 34 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2025 | 26 | AA MLE | Montgomery Biscuits | — | 396 | 333 | 72 | 20 | 1 | 6 | 52 | 121 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 216 | 336 | 336 | 672 | 120 | 309 | 31 | 13 | 302 | 91 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2026 | 27 | AAA MLE | 2 teams | — | 397 | 349 | 66 | 12 | 0 | 9 | 39 | 109 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 189 | 285 | 301 | 585 | 112 | 241 | 27 | 10 | 266 | 66 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ▸ Model inputs — neutral MLE (past 3 seasons) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | 25 | A+ MLE | Bowling Green Hot Rods | — | 293 | 265 | 41 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 19 | 96 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 155 | 231 | 245 | 476 | 91 | 209 | 33 | 6 | 219 | 34 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2025 | 26 | AA MLE | Montgomery Biscuits | — | 396 | 333 | 72 | 20 | 1 | 6 | 52 | 121 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 216 | 336 | 336 | 672 | 120 | 309 | 31 | 13 | 302 | 91 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2026 | 27 | AAA MLE | 2 teams | — | 397 | 349 | 66 | 12 | 0 | 9 | 39 | 109 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 189 | 285 | 301 | 585 | 112 | 241 | 27 | 10 | 266 | 66 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ▸ 2027 season | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ▸ 2027 — full MLE projection (neutral park, full availability) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2027 | 28 | MLB MLE | TB | 10% | 380 | 330 | 69 | 15 | 1 | 8 | 41 | 106 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 207 | 305 | 328 | 633 | 121 | 274 | 28 | 11 | 290 | 82 | -8 | +0 | +0 | +7 | +8 | 0.4 |
| ▸ 2027 — real world (MLB) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2027 | 28 | MLB CTX | TB | 10% | 16 | 14 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 208 | 306 | 327 | 633 | 118 | 277 | 25 | 12 | 290 | 82 | -0 | +0 | +0 | +0 | +0 | 0.0 |
| ▸ Career projection (2028+) — MLB context, MLB playing time (PA × MLB%) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2028 | 29 | MLB MLE | TB | 33% | 212 | 184 | 37 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 23 | 59 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 206 | 303 | 326 | 629 | 119 | 274 | 28 | 11 | 288 | 81 | -5 | -0 | -1 | +4 | +5 | 0.2 |
| 2029 | 30 | MLB MLE | TB | 46% | 232 | 203 | 42 | 9 | 0 | 5 | 24 | 65 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 205 | 300 | 322 | 622 | 117 | 273 | 28 | 10 | 285 | 79 | -6 | -0 | -2 | +4 | +5 | 0.1 |
| 2028 | 29 | MLB CTX | TB | 33% | 69 | 61 | 12 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 19 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 208 | 304 | 324 | 628 | 117 | 276 | 28 | 10 | 288 | 81 | -2 | +0 | -0 | +1 | +1 | 0.1 |
| 2029 | 30 | MLB CTX | TB | 46% | 106 | 93 | 19 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 30 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 206 | 301 | 320 | 622 | 114 | 275 | 28 | 10 | 285 | 79 | -3 | +0 | -1 | +2 | +2 | 0.1 |
| ▸ Career Totals | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ▸ Career totals — MLB only (actual + projected) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Career | — | A+C | — | 175 | 154 | 31 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 18 | 49 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 201 | 293 | 305 | 598 | 104 | 272 | 28 | 10 | 286 | 74 | -4 | +0 | -1 | +3 | +4 | 0.1 | |
| / 162G | — | A+C | — | 650 | 572 | 115 | 26 | 0 | 11 | 67 | 182 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 201 | 293 | 304 | 597 | 103 | 272 | 28 | 10 | 286 | 74 | -16 | +0 | -5 | +12 | +14 | 0.5 | |
| Career | — | MLE | — | 1986 | 1740 | 352 | 74 | 2 | 41 | 197 | 570 | 29 | 11 | 6 | 202 | 294 | 318 | 612 | 116 | 272 | 29 | 10 | 277 | 74 | -14 | -1 | -3 | +11 | +13 | 0.6 | |
| / 162G | — | MLE | — | 650 | 569 | 115 | 24 | 1 | 13 | 64 | 187 | 9 | 4 | 2 | 202 | 292 | 316 | 609 | 114 | 273 | 29 | 10 | 277 | 74 | -15 | -1 | -4 | +12 | +14 | 0.6 | |
How the minor-league lines were translated
One row per minor-league stint. Open a row to see each step: the raw rate, the park adjustment, the league/level factor, the age adjustment (hitters) and the resulting MLE rate. Factors are the same ones listed on the MLE Factors page.
2026 AAADurham Bulls · 382 PAwOBA .327 → .263 (−64)K% 22.8% → 27.3%
| Component | Raw | Park ÷ | Level factor × | GB/FB × | Age × | = MLE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K% /PA | 22.77% | ÷1.000 | ×1.200 | — | — | 27.33% |
| BB% (unintentional) /PA | 14.14% | ÷1.000 | ×0.690 | — | ×1.003 | 9.78% |
| HBP% /PA | 1.05% | — | ×0.940 | — | ×1.003 | 0.99% |
| Singles /BIP | 19.74% | ÷1.000 | ×0.930 | ×0.971 | ×1.003 | 17.87% |
| Doubles /BIP | 6.14% | ÷1.000 | ×0.830 | ×0.971 | ×1.003 | 4.96% |
| Triples /BIP | 0.00% | ÷1.000 | ×0.970 | ×0.971 | ×1.003 | 0.00% |
| Home runs /BIP | 5.70% | ÷1.000 | ×0.700 | — | ×1.003 | 4.00% |
Factors used: league row International League. Park (home-season share, regressed): no park row on file (treated as neutral) — applied at half strength. Age: age 27 vs a level average of 27.2 → +0.3% on BB/HBP/hit rates (0.2 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.971.
Result: wOBA .327 → .263; ISO .168 → .127; BABIP .268 → .233. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).
2026 AAMontgomery Biscuits · 15 PAwOBA .410 → .342 (−68)K% 26.7% → 32.5%
| Component | Raw | Park ÷ | Level factor × | GB/FB × | Age × | = MLE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K% /PA | 26.67% | ÷1.000 | ×1.220 | — | — | 32.53% |
| BB% (unintentional) /PA | 20.00% | ÷1.000 | ×0.680 | — | ×0.978 | 13.30% |
| HBP% /PA | 13.33% | — | ×0.840 | — | ×0.978 | 10.95% |
| Singles /BIP | 50.00% | ÷1.000 | ×0.920 | — | ×0.978 | 44.99% |
| Doubles /BIP | 0.00% | ÷1.000 | ×0.910 | — | ×0.978 | 0.00% |
| Triples /BIP | 0.00% | ÷1.000 | ×0.880 | — | ×0.978 | 0.00% |
| Home runs /BIP | 0.00% | ÷1.000 | ×0.800 | — | ×0.978 | 0.00% |
Factors used: league row SL. Park (home-season share, regressed): no park row on file (treated as neutral) — applied at half strength. Age: age 27 vs a level average of 24.8 → −2.2% on BB/HBP/hit rates (2.2 yr older than average).
Result: wOBA .410 → .342; ISO .000 → .000; BABIP .500 → .450. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).
2025 AAMontgomery Biscuits · 396 PAwOBA .356 → .302 (−54)K% 25.3% → 30.5%
| Component | Raw | Park ÷ | Level factor × | GB/FB × | Age × | = MLE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K% /PA | 25.25% | ÷1.010 | ×1.220 | — | — | 30.50% |
| BB% (unintentional) /PA | 19.19% | ÷0.988 | ×0.680 | — | ×0.988 | 13.05% |
| HBP% /PA | 2.02% | — | ×0.840 | — | ×0.988 | 1.68% |
| Singles /BIP | 22.60% | ÷1.045 | ×0.920 | ×1.050 | ×0.988 | 20.64% |
| Doubles /BIP | 9.62% | ÷0.976 | ×0.910 | ×1.050 | ×0.988 | 9.30% |
| Triples /BIP | 0.48% | ÷1.150 | ×0.880 | ×1.050 | ×0.988 | 0.38% |
| Home runs /BIP | 3.37% | ÷0.922 | ×0.800 | — | ×0.988 | 2.88% |
Factors used: league row SL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 84, 1B 109, 2B 95, 3B 130, K 102, BB 98 — applied at half strength. Age: age 26 vs a level average of 24.8 → −1.2% on BB/HBP/hit rates (1.2 yr older than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×1.050.
Result: wOBA .356 → .302; ISO .140 → .132; BABIP .335 → .309. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).
2024 A+Bowling Green Hot Rods · 293 PAwOBA .302 → .219 (−83)K% 23.9% → 32.7%
| Component | Raw | Park ÷ | Level factor × | GB/FB × | Age × | = MLE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K% /PA | 23.89% | ÷0.956 | ×1.310 | — | — | 32.72% |
| BB% (unintentional) /PA | 10.92% | ÷0.972 | ×0.600 | — | ×0.978 | 6.59% |
| HBP% /PA | 2.39% | — | ×0.770 | — | ×0.978 | 1.80% |
| Singles /BIP | 21.55% | ÷1.047 | ×0.870 | ×0.963 | ×0.978 | 16.86% |
| Doubles /BIP | 4.42% | ÷0.898 | ×0.780 | ×0.963 | ×0.978 | 3.61% |
| Triples /BIP | 0.00% | ÷1.150 | ×0.850 | ×0.963 | ×0.978 | 0.00% |
| Home runs /BIP | 4.42% | ÷1.015 | ×0.880 | — | ×0.978 | 3.75% |
Factors used: league row South Atlantic League. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 103, 1B 109, 2B 80, 3B 130, K 91, BB 94 — applied at half strength. Age: age 25 vs a level average of 22.8 → −2.2% on BB/HBP/hit rates (2.2 yr older than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.963.
Result: wOBA .302 → .219; ISO .127 → .102; BABIP .267 → .209. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).
2023 AModesto Nuts · 279 PAwOBA .361 → .291 (−69)K% 20.4% → 27.1%
| Component | Raw | Park ÷ | Level factor × | GB/FB × | Age × | = MLE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K% /PA | 20.43% | ÷1.026 | ×1.360 | — | — | 27.08% |
| BB% (unintentional) /PA | 10.39% | ÷1.013 | ×0.690 | — | ×0.980 | 6.94% |
| HBP% /PA | 0.00% | — | ×0.780 | — | ×0.980 | 0.00% |
| Singles /BIP | 22.51% | ÷0.974 | ×0.920 | ×1.003 | ×0.980 | 20.92% |
| Doubles /BIP | 9.42% | ÷1.050 | ×0.830 | ×1.003 | ×0.980 | 7.32% |
| Triples /BIP | 0.52% | ÷1.150 | ×0.910 | ×1.003 | ×0.980 | 0.41% |
| Home runs /BIP | 4.71% | ÷0.883 | ×0.800 | — | ×0.980 | 4.18% |
Factors used: level-wide A factors (no league-specific row for this league/era). Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 77, 1B 95, 2B 110, 3B 130, K 105, BB 103 — applied at half strength. Age: age 24 vs a level average of 22.0 → −2.0% on BB/HBP/hit rates (2.0 yr older than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×1.003.
Result: wOBA .361 → .291; ISO .190 → .154; BABIP .337 → .296. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).
2022 ROKACL Mariners · 22 PAwOBA .500 → .385 (−114)K% 4.5% → 6.7%
| Component | Raw | Park ÷ | Level factor × | GB/FB × | Age × | = MLE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K% /PA | 4.55% | ÷0.984 | ×1.440 | — | — | 6.65% |
| BB% (unintentional) /PA | 31.82% | ÷1.023 | ×0.620 | — | ×0.965 | 18.61% |
| HBP% /PA | 0.00% | — | ×0.720 | — | ×0.965 | 0.00% |
| Singles /BIP | 50.00% | ÷1.014 | ×0.820 | — | ×0.965 | 39.03% |
| Doubles /BIP | 0.00% | ÷1.132 | ×0.720 | — | ×0.965 | 0.00% |
| Triples /BIP | 0.00% | ÷0.900 | ×0.720 | — | ×0.965 | 0.00% |
| Home runs /BIP | 0.00% | ÷1.033 | ×0.780 | — | ×0.965 | 0.00% |
Factors used: level-wide ROK factors (no league-specific row for this league/era). Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 107, 1B 103, 2B 126, 3B 80, K 97, BB 105 — applied at half strength. Age: age 23 vs a level average of 19.5 → −3.5% on BB/HBP/hit rates (3.5 yr older than average).
Result: wOBA .500 → .385; ISO .000 → .000; BABIP .500 → .390. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).