Jay Harry
2B Buffalo Bisons| Year | Age | Lvl / Team | PA | AVG/OBP/SLG | HR | SB | wRC+ | WAR | MLE AVG/OBP/SLG |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | 22 | A+TOR | 448 | .213/.298/.367 | 12 | 5 | 42 | — | .170/.242/.284 |
| 2025 | 23 | AA/A+TOR | 366 | .199/.285/.288 | 5 | 9 | 27 | — | .165/.227/.245 |
| 2026 | 24 | AAA/AATOR | 421 | .298/.345/.499 | 14 | 1 | 98 | — | .265/.305/.422 |
| 2027PROJ10% MLB | 25 | MLBTOR | 21 | .219/.267/.346 | 0 | 0 | 70 | -0.0 | |
| 2028PROJ35% MLB | 26 | MLBTOR | 88 | .220/.270/.349 | 2 | 1 | 72 | -0.1 | |
| 2029PROJ44% MLB | 27 | MLBTOR | 124 | .220/.271/.349 | 3 | 1 | 73 | -0.1 |
Tools · ContractCON 40 / POW 30
Career Stats + Projections
Methodology▸ how these numbers are built
All seasons translated to park-neutral MLB-equivalent (MLE) and combined per year. 2027 = full-season projection (no games played yet). 2028+ via Advanced Marcel + aging curve.
| Year | Age | Lvl | Team | MLB% | PA | AB | H | 2B | 3B | HR | BB | SO | HBP | SB | CS | AVG | OBP | SLG | OPS | ISO | BABIP | K% | BB% | wOBA | wRC+ | BAT | RUN | FLD | POS | REP | WAR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ▸ Career — actual stats, one row per stint (as recorded, no adjustments) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 21 | A | Fort Myers Mighty Mussels | — | 117 | 101 | 34 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 11 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 337 | 422 | 465 | 888 | 129 | 355 | 7 | 9 | 396 | 114 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2024 | 22 | A+ | Vancouver Canadians | — | 448 | 395 | 84 | 23 | 1 | 12 | 36 | 97 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 213 | 298 | 367 | 665 | 154 | 247 | 22 | 8 | 298 | 42 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2025 | 23 | AA | New Hampshire Fisher Cats | — | 141 | 124 | 19 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 15 | 33 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 153 | 255 | 226 | 481 | 73 | 191 | 23 | 11 | 231 | 12 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2025 | 23 | A+ | Vancouver Canadians | — | 225 | 202 | 46 | 9 | 1 | 3 | 21 | 42 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 228 | 304 | 327 | 630 | 99 | 272 | 19 | 9 | 287 | 37 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2026 | 24 | AAA | Buffalo Bisons | — | 242 | 220 | 61 | 17 | 0 | 6 | 13 | 42 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 277 | 338 | 436 | 774 | 159 | 316 | 17 | 5 | 343 | 84 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2026 | 24 | AA | New Hampshire Fisher Cats | — | 179 | 169 | 55 | 11 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 42 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 325 | 356 | 580 | 936 | 254 | 392 | 23 | 4 | 401 | 116 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ▸ Career — adjusted (every ACTUAL line translated to park/league-neutral MLB equivalents) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 21 | A MLE | Fort Myers Mighty Mussels | — | 117 | 105 | 31 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 11 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 295 | 362 | 400 | 762 | 105 | 321 | 9 | 6 | 336 | 114 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2024 | 22 | A+ MLE | Vancouver Canadians | — | 448 | 405 | 69 | 17 | 1 | 9 | 26 | 134 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 170 | 242 | 284 | 525 | 114 | 218 | 30 | 6 | 231 | 42 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2025 | 23 | AA MLE | New Hampshire Fisher Cats | — | 141 | 129 | 17 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 42 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 132 | 206 | 194 | 399 | 62 | 178 | 30 | 7 | 186 | 12 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2025 | 23 | A+ MLE | Vancouver Canadians | — | 225 | 209 | 39 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 14 | 59 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 187 | 241 | 278 | 519 | 91 | 235 | 26 | 6 | 223 | 37 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2026 | 24 | AAA MLE | Buffalo Bisons | — | 242 | 224 | 55 | 15 | 0 | 4 | 9 | 50 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 246 | 296 | 366 | 662 | 121 | 293 | 21 | 4 | 292 | 84 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2026 | 24 | AA MLE | New Hampshire Fisher Cats | — | 179 | 171 | 50 | 9 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 51 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 292 | 316 | 497 | 813 | 205 | 373 | 28 | 3 | 340 | 116 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2023 | 21 | A MLE | Fort Myers Mighty Mussels | — | 117 | 105 | 31 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 11 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 295 | 362 | 400 | 762 | 105 | 319 | 9 | 6 | 336 | 114 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2023 | 21 | A RAW | Fort Myers Mighty Mussels | — | 117 | 101 | 34 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 11 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 337 | 422 | 465 | 888 | 129 | 355 | 7 | 9 | 396 | 114 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2024 | 22 | A+ MLE | Vancouver Canadians | — | 448 | 405 | 69 | 17 | 1 | 9 | 26 | 134 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 170 | 242 | 284 | 525 | 114 | 225 | 30 | 6 | 231 | 42 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2024 | 22 | A+ RAW | Vancouver Canadians | — | 448 | 395 | 84 | 23 | 1 | 12 | 36 | 97 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 213 | 298 | 367 | 665 | 154 | 247 | 22 | 8 | 298 | 42 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2025 | 23 | A+ MLE | 2 teams | — | 366 | 337 | 54 | 10 | 1 | 4 | 25 | 101 | 3 | 9 | 3 | 160 | 225 | 231 | 456 | 71 | 215 | 28 | 7 | 209 | 27 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2025 | 23 | A+ RAW | 2 teams | — | 366 | 326 | 65 | 12 | 1 | 5 | 36 | 75 | 3 | 9 | 3 | 199 | 285 | 288 | 573 | 89 | 243 | 20 | 10 | 266 | 27 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2026 | 24 | AAA MLE | 2 teams | — | 421 | 395 | 105 | 24 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 102 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 266 | 305 | 423 | 727 | 157 | 332 | 24 | 3 | 312 | 98 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2026 | 24 | AAA RAW | 2 teams | — | 421 | 389 | 116 | 28 | 4 | 14 | 20 | 84 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 298 | 345 | 499 | 844 | 201 | 347 | 20 | 5 | 368 | 98 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2023 | 21 | A MLE | Fort Myers Mighty Mussels | — | 117 | 105 | 31 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 11 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 295 | 362 | 400 | 762 | 105 | 321 | 9 | 6 | 336 | 114 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2024 | 22 | A+ MLE | Vancouver Canadians | — | 448 | 407 | 69 | 17 | 1 | 9 | 26 | 134 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 170 | 242 | 283 | 524 | 113 | 218 | 30 | 6 | 231 | 42 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2025 | 23 | A+ MLE | 2 teams | — | 366 | 335 | 54 | 10 | 1 | 4 | 25 | 101 | 3 | 9 | 3 | 161 | 225 | 233 | 457 | 72 | 213 | 28 | 7 | 209 | 27 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2026 | 24 | AAA MLE | 2 teams | — | 421 | 396 | 105 | 24 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 102 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 265 | 305 | 422 | 726 | 157 | 327 | 24 | 3 | 312 | 98 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ▸ Model inputs — neutral MLE (past 3 seasons) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | 22 | A+ MLE | Vancouver Canadians | — | 448 | 407 | 69 | 17 | 1 | 9 | 26 | 134 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 170 | 242 | 283 | 524 | 113 | 218 | 30 | 6 | 231 | 42 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2025 | 23 | A+ MLE | 2 teams | — | 366 | 335 | 54 | 10 | 1 | 4 | 25 | 101 | 3 | 9 | 3 | 161 | 225 | 233 | 457 | 72 | 213 | 28 | 7 | 209 | 27 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2026 | 24 | AAA MLE | 2 teams | — | 421 | 396 | 105 | 24 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 102 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 265 | 305 | 422 | 726 | 157 | 327 | 24 | 3 | 312 | 98 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ▸ 2027 season | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ▸ 2027 — full MLE projection (neutral park, full availability) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2027 | 25 | MLB MLE | TOR | 10% | 380 | 354 | 78 | 17 | 2 | 8 | 17 | 95 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 218 | 266 | 345 | 611 | 126 | 273 | 25 | 4 | 272 | 70 | -13 | +0 | +0 | +1 | +8 | -0.1 |
| ▸ 2027 — real world (MLB) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2027 | 25 | MLB CTX | TOR | 10% | 21 | 20 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 219 | 267 | 346 | 613 | 127 | 274 | 24 | 5 | 273 | 70 | -1 | +0 | +0 | +0 | +0 | -0.0 |
| ▸ Career projection (2028+) — MLB context, MLB playing time (PA × MLB%) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2028 | 26 | MLB MLE | TOR | 35% | 253 | 235 | 51 | 11 | 1 | 5 | 12 | 63 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 219 | 269 | 347 | 616 | 128 | 273 | 25 | 5 | 275 | 72 | -8 | +0 | +0 | +1 | +5 | -0.2 |
| 2029 | 27 | MLB MLE | TOR | 44% | 281 | 261 | 57 | 12 | 2 | 6 | 14 | 70 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 220 | 270 | 348 | 618 | 128 | 274 | 25 | 5 | 276 | 73 | -9 | +0 | +0 | +1 | +6 | -0.2 |
| 2030 | 28 | MLB MLE | TOR | 49% | 296 | 275 | 60 | 13 | 2 | 6 | 15 | 74 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 219 | 271 | 346 | 617 | 127 | 274 | 25 | 5 | 275 | 72 | -10 | -0 | -1 | +1 | +6 | -0.3 |
| 2028 | 26 | MLB CTX | TOR | 35% | 88 | 83 | 19 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 220 | 270 | 349 | 618 | 128 | 274 | 25 | 5 | 275 | 72 | -3 | +0 | +0 | +0 | +2 | -0.1 |
| 2029 | 27 | MLB CTX | TOR | 44% | 124 | 115 | 26 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 31 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 220 | 271 | 349 | 620 | 129 | 275 | 25 | 5 | 276 | 73 | -4 | +0 | +0 | +0 | +3 | -0.1 |
| 2030 | 28 | MLB CTX | TOR | 49% | 145 | 135 | 29 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 36 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 220 | 272 | 347 | 619 | 127 | 275 | 25 | 5 | 276 | 72 | -5 | +0 | -0 | +1 | +3 | -0.1 |
| ▸ Career Totals | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ▸ Career totals — MLB only (actual + projected) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Career | — | A+C | — | 357 | 333 | 74 | 15 | 3 | 8 | 17 | 89 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 222 | 270 | 357 | 628 | 135 | 277 | 25 | 5 | 276 | 66 | -12 | +1 | -0 | +1 | +8 | -0.2 | |
| / 162G | — | A+C | — | 650 | 606 | 134 | 27 | 5 | 15 | 31 | 162 | 9 | 5 | 0 | 221 | 269 | 356 | 626 | 135 | 275 | 25 | 5 | 276 | 66 | -21 | +1 | -1 | +2 | +14 | -0.5 | |
| Career | — | MLE | — | 2392 | 2209 | 469 | 102 | 13 | 45 | 122 | 607 | 42 | 26 | 14 | 212 | 267 | 331 | 598 | 119 | 270 | 25 | 5 | 266 | 66 | -35 | -0 | -1 | +4 | +23 | -1.0 | |
| / 162G | — | MLE | — | 650 | 600 | 128 | 28 | 4 | 12 | 33 | 165 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 213 | 267 | 333 | 600 | 120 | 272 | 25 | 5 | 266 | 66 | -22 | -0 | -0 | +2 | +14 | -0.6 | |
How the minor-league lines were translated
One row per minor-league stint. Open a row to see each step: the raw rate, the park adjustment, the league/level factor, the age adjustment (hitters) and the resulting MLE rate. Factors are the same ones listed on the MLE Factors page.
2026 AAABuffalo Bisons · 242 PAwOBA .335 → .292 (−43)K% 17.4% → 20.8%
| Component | Raw | Park ÷ | Level factor × | GB/FB × | Age × | = MLE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K% /PA | 17.36% | ÷1.000 | ×1.200 | — | — | 20.83% |
| BB% (unintentional) /PA | 4.96% | ÷1.000 | ×0.690 | — | ×1.048 | 3.59% |
| HBP% /PA | 2.89% | — | ×0.940 | — | ×1.048 | 2.85% |
| Singles /BIP | 21.35% | ÷1.000 | ×0.930 | ×0.994 | ×1.048 | 20.67% |
| Doubles /BIP | 9.55% | ÷1.000 | ×0.830 | ×0.994 | ×1.048 | 8.25% |
| Triples /BIP | 0.00% | ÷1.000 | ×0.970 | ×0.994 | ×1.048 | 0.00% |
| Home runs /BIP | 3.37% | ÷1.000 | ×0.700 | — | ×1.048 | 2.47% |
Factors used: league row International League. Park (home-season share, regressed): no park row on file (treated as neutral) — applied at half strength. Age: age 24 vs a level average of 27.2 → +4.8% on BB/HBP/hit rates (3.2 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.994.
Result: wOBA .335 → .292; ISO .159 → .125; BABIP .316 → .293. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).
2026 AANew Hampshire Fisher Cats · 179 PAwOBA .392 → .340 (−51)K% 23.5% → 28.6%
| Component | Raw | Park ÷ | Level factor × | GB/FB × | Age × | = MLE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K% /PA | 23.46% | ÷1.000 | ×1.220 | — | — | 28.63% |
| BB% (unintentional) /PA | 3.91% | ÷1.000 | ×0.700 | — | ×1.012 | 2.77% |
| HBP% /PA | 0.56% | — | ×0.850 | — | ×1.012 | 0.48% |
| Singles /BIP | 25.20% | ÷1.000 | ×0.970 | ×1.014 | ×1.012 | 25.07% |
| Doubles /BIP | 8.66% | ÷1.000 | ×0.860 | ×1.014 | ×1.012 | 7.64% |
| Triples /BIP | 3.15% | ÷1.000 | ×0.950 | ×1.014 | ×1.012 | 3.07% |
| Home runs /BIP | 6.30% | ÷1.000 | ×0.780 | — | ×1.012 | 4.97% |
Factors used: league row EL. Park (home-season share, regressed): no park row on file (treated as neutral) — applied at half strength. Age: age 24 vs a level average of 24.8 → +1.2% on BB/HBP/hit rates (0.8 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×1.014.
Result: wOBA .392 → .340; ISO .254 → .207; BABIP .392 → .373. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).
2025 A+Vancouver Canadians · 225 PAwOBA .281 → .223 (−58)K% 18.7% → 26.3%
| Component | Raw | Park ÷ | Level factor × | GB/FB × | Age × | = MLE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K% /PA | 18.67% | ÷0.958 | ×1.350 | — | — | 26.31% |
| BB% (unintentional) /PA | 9.33% | ÷1.039 | ×0.710 | — | ×0.998 | 6.36% |
| HBP% /PA | 0.44% | — | ×0.810 | — | ×0.998 | 0.36% |
| Singles /BIP | 20.62% | ÷1.022 | ×0.910 | ×0.966 | ×0.998 | 17.70% |
| Doubles /BIP | 5.62% | ÷0.898 | ×0.830 | ×0.966 | ×0.998 | 5.01% |
| Triples /BIP | 0.62% | ÷0.939 | ×0.820 | ×0.966 | ×0.998 | 0.53% |
| Home runs /BIP | 1.88% | ÷0.855 | ×0.830 | — | ×0.998 | 1.82% |
Factors used: level-wide A+ factors (no league-specific row for this league/era). Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 71, 1B 104, 2B 80, 3B 88, K 92, BB 108 — applied at half strength. Age: age 23 vs a level average of 22.8 → −0.2% on BB/HBP/hit rates (0.2 yr older than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.966.
Result: wOBA .281 → .223; ISO .099 → .086; BABIP .272 → .235. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).
2025 AANew Hampshire Fisher Cats · 141 PAwOBA .223 → .186 (−36)K% 23.4% → 29.6%
| Component | Raw | Park ÷ | Level factor × | GB/FB × | Age × | = MLE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K% /PA | 23.40% | ÷0.964 | ×1.220 | — | — | 29.61% |
| BB% (unintentional) /PA | 9.93% | ÷0.983 | ×0.700 | — | ×1.027 | 7.26% |
| HBP% /PA | 1.42% | — | ×0.850 | — | ×1.027 | 1.24% |
| Singles /BIP | 15.38% | ÷1.029 | ×0.970 | ×0.983 | ×1.027 | 14.65% |
| Doubles /BIP | 3.30% | ÷1.030 | ×0.860 | ×0.983 | ×1.027 | 2.78% |
| Triples /BIP | 0.00% | ÷0.997 | ×0.950 | ×0.983 | ×1.027 | 0.00% |
| Home runs /BIP | 2.20% | ÷0.885 | ×0.780 | — | ×1.027 | 1.99% |
Factors used: league row EL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 77, 1B 106, 2B 106, 3B 99, K 93, BB 97 — applied at half strength. Age: age 23 vs a level average of 24.8 → +2.7% on BB/HBP/hit rates (1.8 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.983.
Result: wOBA .223 → .186; ISO .073 → .062; BABIP .191 → .178. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).
2024 A+Vancouver Canadians · 448 PAwOBA .293 → .231 (−62)K% 21.7% → 29.8%
| Component | Raw | Park ÷ | Level factor × | GB/FB × | Age × | = MLE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K% /PA | 21.65% | ÷0.980 | ×1.350 | — | — | 29.81% |
| BB% (unintentional) /PA | 8.04% | ÷0.974 | ×0.710 | — | ×1.012 | 5.93% |
| HBP% /PA | 2.68% | — | ×0.810 | — | ×1.012 | 2.20% |
| Singles /BIP | 16.11% | ÷0.964 | ×0.910 | ×0.988 | ×1.012 | 15.20% |
| Doubles /BIP | 7.72% | ÷1.071 | ×0.830 | ×0.988 | ×1.012 | 5.98% |
| Triples /BIP | 0.34% | ÷0.936 | ×0.820 | ×0.988 | ×1.012 | 0.29% |
| Home runs /BIP | 4.03% | ÷1.062 | ×0.830 | — | ×1.012 | 3.19% |
Factors used: level-wide A+ factors (no league-specific row for this league/era). Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 112, 1B 93, 2B 114, 3B 87, K 96, BB 95 — applied at half strength. Age: age 22 vs a level average of 22.8 → +1.2% on BB/HBP/hit rates (0.8 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.988.
Result: wOBA .293 → .231; ISO .154 → .113; BABIP .247 → .218. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).
2023 AFort Myers Mighty Mussels · 117 PAwOBA .389 → .336 (−53)K% 6.8% → 9.6%
| Component | Raw | Park ÷ | Level factor × | GB/FB × | Age × | = MLE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K% /PA | 6.84% | ÷0.969 | ×1.360 | — | — | 9.60% |
| BB% (unintentional) /PA | 9.40% | ÷1.050 | ×0.690 | — | ×1.015 | 6.27% |
| HBP% /PA | 3.42% | — | ×0.780 | — | ×1.015 | 2.71% |
| Singles /BIP | 25.81% | ÷0.938 | ×0.920 | ×0.956 | ×1.015 | 24.55% |
| Doubles /BIP | 8.60% | ÷1.053 | ×0.830 | ×0.956 | ×1.015 | 6.58% |
| Triples /BIP | 1.08% | ÷0.900 | ×0.910 | ×0.956 | ×1.015 | 1.05% |
| Home runs /BIP | 1.08% | ÷0.976 | ×0.800 | — | ×1.015 | 0.89% |
Factors used: level-wide A factors (no league-specific row for this league/era). Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 95, 1B 88, 2B 111, 3B 80, K 94, BB 110 — applied at half strength. Age: age 21 vs a level average of 22.0 → +1.5% on BB/HBP/hit rates (1.0 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.956.
Result: wOBA .389 → .336; ISO .129 → .107; BABIP .355 → .321. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).