Nick Williams

PosRF

B/TL/L

Born1993-09-08

Age (2027)33

No MLB projection yet. Career stats below are historical.

Overview

INTL

Year	Age	Lvl / Team	PA	AVG/OBP/SLG	HR	SB	wRC+	WAR	MLE AVG/OBP/SLG
2019	25	AAAPHI	210	.316/.381/.574	10	1	114	—	.253/.310/.469
2019	25	MLBPHI	112	.151/.196/.245	2	0	22	-1.3
2021	27	AAACWS	138	.262/.316/.429	4	4	55	—	.211/.257/.312
2025	31	INTLCaneros de lo…	137	.289/.368/.455	4	0	133	—
2026	32	No MLB games played

Last 3 seasons WAR -1.3

Contract

No contract data on file.

Skills · percentileStatcast 2018-2021

xwOBA68

Speed52

Avg EV40

Barrel%37

Career Stats + Projections

Real MLB stats plus park-adjusted projections — this season (so far / rest / full), then future seasons and career totals.

show model inputsbasis chips: RAW = as recorded · CTX = with park/league context · A+C = actual + context combined · MLE = level/park-neutral

Methodology▸ how these numbers are built

All seasons translated to park-neutral MLB-equivalent (MLE) and combined per year. 2027 = full-season projection (no games played yet). 2028+ via Advanced Marcel + aging curve.

Year	Age	Lvl	Team	MLB%	PA	AB	H	2B	3B	HR	BB	SO	HBP	SB	CS	AVG	OBP	SLG	OPS	ISO	BABIP	K%	BB%	wOBA	wRC+	BAT	RUN	FLD	POS	REP	WAR
▸ Career — actual stats, one row per stint (as recorded, no adjustments)
2012	18	ROK	AZL Rangers	—	224	201	63	9	6	2	16	50	5	15	2	313	378	448	826	134	404	22	7	366	63	—	—	—	—	—	—
2013	19	A	Hickory Crawdads	—	404	376	110	19	12	17	15	110	11	8	5	293	338	543	881	250	371	27	4	381	84	—	—	—	—	—	—
2014	20	AA	Frisco RoughRiders	—	64	62	14	2	1	0	2	21	0	1	1	226	250	290	540	65	341	33	3	243	20	—	—	—	—	—	—
2014	20	A+	Myrtle Beach Pelicans	—	408	377	110	28	4	13	19	117	11	5	7	292	344	491	835	199	391	29	5	367	74	—	—	—	—	—	—
2014	20	INTL	Surprise Saguaros	—	115	112	31	6	2	2	1	32	2	0	1	277	296	420	715	143	372	28	1	315	100	—	—	—	—	—	—
2015	21	AA	Reading Fightin Phils	—	515	475	144	26	6	17	35	97	3	13	8	303	355	491	845	187	351	19	7	371	112	—	—	—	—	—	—
2016	22	AAA	Lehigh Valley IronPigs	—	527	497	128	33	6	13	19	136	4	6	4	258	290	427	717	169	325	26	4	311	70	—	—	—	—	—	—
2017	23	MLB	Philadelphia Phillies	—	343	313	90	14	4	12	20	97	6	1	2	288	342	473	815	185	375	28	6	356	124	+10	-1	-8	-7	+7	0.1
2017	23	AAA	Lehigh Valley IronPigs	—	306	282	79	16	2	15	16	90	5	5	4	280	330	511	841	230	358	29	5	364	87	—	—	—	—	—	—
2018	24	MLB	Philadelphia Phillies	—	448	407	104	12	3	17	32	111	9	3	2	256	324	425	749	170	312	25	7	334	107	+4	-0	-9	-5	+10	-0.1
2019	25	MLB	Philadelphia Phillies	—	112	106	16	4	0	2	4	43	2	0	0	151	196	245	442	94	230	38	4	202	22	-10	+0	-1	-3	+2	-1.3
2019	25	AAA	Lehigh Valley IronPigs	—	210	190	60	15	2	10	14	52	6	1	0	316	381	574	955	258	391	25	7	416	114	—	—	—	—	—	—
2021	27	AAA	Charlotte Knights	—	138	126	33	7	1	4	7	36	3	4	0	262	316	429	745	167	333	26	5	326	55	—	—	—	—	—	—
2025	31	INTL	Caneros de los Mochis	—	137	121	35	8	0	4	14	29	1	0	1	289	368	455	822	165	352	21	10	364	133	—	—	—	—	—	—
▸ Career Totals (raw MLB only — historical actual)
MLB Career	—			—	903	826	210	30	7	31	56	251	17	4	4	254	315	420	735	166	327	28	6	326	107	+7	-1	-18	-15	+20	-0.7
▸ Career — adjusted (every ACTUAL line translated to park/league-neutral MLB equivalents)
2012	18	ROK MLE	AZL Rangers	—	224	208	47	6	4	1	9	72	5	15	2	226	275	308	582	82	332	32	4	262	63	—	—	—	—	—	—
2013	19	A MLE	Hickory Crawdads	—	404	381	89	16	11	12	10	149	11	8	5	234	274	428	701	194	340	37	2	293	84	—	—	—	—	—	—
2014	20	AA MLE	Frisco RoughRiders	—	64	63	12	2	1	0	1	26	0	1	1	190	203	254	457	63	326	41	2	198	20	—	—	—	—	—	—
2014	20	A+ MLE	Myrtle Beach Pelicans	—	408	384	87	20	3	10	12	174	11	5	7	227	270	372	643	146	379	43	3	278	74	—	—	—	—	—	—
2015	21	AA MLE	Reading Fightin Phils	—	515	485	141	25	5	13	25	112	3	13	8	291	329	443	773	153	354	22	5	334	112	—	—	—	—	—	—
2016	22	AAA MLE	Lehigh Valley IronPigs	—	527	503	116	28	5	12	13	160	4	6	4	231	256	378	634	147	305	30	2	272	70	—	—	—	—	—	—
2017	23	MLB MLE	Philadelphia Phillies	—	343	313	89	14	4	11	20	97	6	1	2	284	339	460	799	176	375	28	6	351	124	+10	-1	-8	-7	+7	0.1
2017	23	AAA MLE	Lehigh Valley IronPigs	—	306	287	69	14	2	12	11	112	5	5	4	240	281	429	709	188	334	37	4	297	87	—	—	—	—	—	—
2018	24	MLB MLE	Philadelphia Phillies	—	448	409	103	12	3	16	30	111	9	3	2	252	317	413	730	161	312	25	7	326	107	+4	-0	-9	-5	+10	-0.1
2019	25	MLB MLE	Philadelphia Phillies	—	112	106	16	4	0	2	4	43	2	0	0	151	196	245	442	94	230	38	4	200	22	-10	+0	-1	-3	+2	-1.3
2019	25	AAA MLE	Lehigh Valley IronPigs	—	210	194	49	11	2	9	10	62	6	1	0	253	310	469	779	216	329	30	5	337	114	—	—	—	—	—	—
2021	27	AAA MLE	Charlotte Knights	—	138	128	27	5	1	2	5	43	3	4	0	211	257	312	570	102	288	31	4	249	55	—	—	—	—	—	—
2012	18	ROK MLE	AZL Rangers	—	224	208	47	6	4	1	9	72	5	15	2	226	275	308	582	82	336	32	4	262	63	—	—	—	—	—	—
2012	18	ROK RAW	AZL Rangers	—	224	201	63	9	6	2	16	50	5	15	2	313	378	448	826	134	404	22	7	366	63	—	—	—	—	—	—
2013	19	A MLE	Hickory Crawdads	—	404	381	89	16	11	12	10	149	11	8	5	234	274	428	701	194	347	37	2	293	84	—	—	—	—	—	—
2013	19	A RAW	Hickory Crawdads	—	404	376	110	19	12	17	15	110	11	8	5	293	338	543	881	250	371	27	4	381	84	—	—	—	—	—	—
2014	20	A+ MLE	3 teams	—	587	557	124	27	5	13	16	249	13	6	9	223	261	359	620	136	375	42	3	267	67	—	—	—	—	—	—
2014	20	A+ RAW	3 teams	—	587	551	155	36	7	15	22	170	13	6	9	281	324	454	778	172	381	29	4	343	67	—	—	—	—	—	—
2015	21	AA MLE	Reading Fightin Phils	—	515	485	141	25	5	13	25	112	3	13	8	291	329	443	773	153	355	22	5	334	112	—	—	—	—	—	—
2015	21	AA RAW	Reading Fightin Phils	—	515	475	144	26	6	17	35	97	3	13	8	303	355	491	845	187	351	19	7	371	112	—	—	—	—	—	—
2016	22	AAA MLE	Lehigh Valley IronPigs	—	527	503	116	28	5	12	13	160	4	6	4	231	256	378	634	147	309	30	2	272	70	—	—	—	—	—	—
2016	22	AAA RAW	Lehigh Valley IronPigs	—	527	497	128	33	6	13	19	136	4	6	4	258	290	427	717	169	325	26	4	311	70	—	—	—	—	—	—
2017	23	MLB MLE	2 teams	—	649	600	157	28	6	23	31	209	11	6	6	262	310	443	753	182	358	32	5	326	107	+5	-1	-8	-7	+14	0.3
2017	23	MLB RAW	2 teams	—	649	595	169	30	6	27	36	187	11	6	6	284	336	491	827	207	367	29	6	360	107	+5	-1	-8	-7	+14	0.3
2018	24	MLB MLE	Philadelphia Phillies	—	448	409	103	12	3	16	30	111	9	3	2	252	317	413	730	161	309	25	7	326	107	+4	-0	-9	-5	+10	-0.1
2018	24	MLB RAW	Philadelphia Phillies	—	448	407	104	12	3	17	32	111	9	3	2	256	324	425	749	170	312	25	7	334	107	+4	-0	-9	-5	+10	-0.1
2019	25	AAA MLE	2 teams	—	322	300	65	15	2	11	14	105	8	1	0	217	270	390	660	173	293	33	4	289	82	—	—	—	—	—	—
2019	25	AAA RAW	2 teams	—	322	296	76	19	2	12	18	95	8	1	0	257	317	456	773	199	339	30	6	341	82	—	—	—	—	—	—
2021	27	AAA MLE	Charlotte Knights	—	138	128	27	5	1	2	5	43	3	4	0	211	257	312	570	102	298	31	4	249	55	—	—	—	—	—	—
2021	27	AAA RAW	Charlotte Knights	—	138	126	33	7	1	4	7	36	3	4	0	262	316	429	745	167	333	26	5	326	55	—	—	—	—	—	—
2025	31	INTL MLE	Caneros de los Mochis	—	137	121	35	8	0	4	14	29	1	0	1	289	368	455	822	165	352	21	10	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2025	31	INTL RAW	Caneros de los Mochis	—	137	121	35	8	0	4	14	29	1	0	1	289	368	455	822	165	352	21	10	364	133	—	—	—	—	—	—
2012	18	ROK MLE	AZL Rangers	—	224	208	47	6	4	1	9	72	5	15	2	226	275	308	582	82	332	32	4	262	63	—	—	—	—	—	—
2013	19	A MLE	Hickory Crawdads	—	404	380	89	16	11	12	10	149	11	8	5	234	274	429	703	195	340	37	2	293	84	—	—	—	—	—	—
2014	20	A+ MLE	3 teams	—	587	553	124	27	5	13	16	249	13	6	9	224	261	362	623	137	372	42	3	267	67	—	—	—	—	—	—
2015	21	AA MLE	Reading Fightin Phils	—	515	482	141	25	5	13	25	112	3	13	8	293	329	446	775	154	354	22	5	334	112	—	—	—	—	—	—
2016	22	AAA MLE	Lehigh Valley IronPigs	—	527	505	116	28	5	12	13	160	4	6	4	230	256	376	632	147	305	30	2	272	70	—	—	—	—	—	—
2017	23	MLB MLE	2 teams	—	649	602	157	28	6	23	31	209	11	6	6	261	310	442	752	181	356	32	5	326	107	—	—	—	—	—	—
2018	24	MLB MLE	Philadelphia Phillies	—	448	406	103	12	3	16	30	111	9	3	2	254	317	416	733	163	312	25	7	326	107	—	—	—	—	—	—
2019	25	AAA MLE	2 teams	—	322	297	65	15	2	11	14	105	8	1	0	219	270	394	664	175	294	33	4	289	82	—	—	—	—	—	—
2021	27	AAA MLE	Charlotte Knights	—	138	129	27	5	1	2	5	43	3	4	0	209	257	310	567	101	288	31	4	249	55	—	—	—	—	—	—
▸ Career Totals
▸ Career totals — MLB only (actual + projected)
Career	—	A+C		—	903	826	210	30	7	31	56	251	17	4	4	254	315	420	735	166	327	28	6	326	80	+7	-1	-18	-15	+20	-0.7
/ 162G	—	A+C		—	650	595	151	22	5	22	40	181	12	3	3	254	314	418	732	165	327	28	6	326	80	+5	-1	-13	-11	+14	-0.5
Career	—	MLE		—	3951	3692	904	170	42	107	167	1239	68	62	37	245	290	401	691	156	337	31	4	287	80	+7	-1	-18	-15	+20	-0.7
/ 162G	—	MLE		—	650	607	149	28	7	18	27	204	11	10	6	245	289	404	693	158	338	31	4	287	80	+5	-1	-13	-11	+14	-0.5

How the minor-league lines were translated

One row per minor-league stint. Open a row to see each step: the raw rate, the park adjustment, the league/level factor, the age adjustment (hitters) and the resulting MLE rate. Factors are the same ones listed on the MLE Factors page.

2021 AAACharlotte Knights · 138 PAwOBA .320 → .249 (−71)K% 26.1% → 31.0%

Component	Raw	Park ÷	Level factor ×	GB/FB ×	Age ×	= MLE
K% /PA	26.09%	÷1.011	×1.200	—	—	30.97%
BB% (unintentional) /PA	5.07%	÷1.053	×0.690	—	×0.992	3.30%
HBP% /PA	2.17%	—	×0.940	—	×0.992	2.03%
Singles /BIP	23.33%	÷0.986	×0.930	×0.995	×0.992	21.72%
Doubles /BIP	7.78%	÷1.128	×0.830	×0.995	×0.992	5.65%
Triples /BIP	1.11%	÷1.020	×0.920	×0.995	×0.992	0.99%
Home runs /BIP	4.44%	÷1.190	×0.700	—	×0.992	2.59%

Factors used: level-wide AAA factors (no league-specific row for this league/era). Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 138, 1B 97, 2B 126, 3B 104, K 102, BB 111 — applied at half strength. Age: age 28 vs a level average of 27.2 → −0.8% on BB/HBP/hit rates (0.8 yr older than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.995.

Result: wOBA .320 → .249; ISO .167 → .108; BABIP .333 → .288. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2019 AAALehigh Valley IronPigs · 210 PAwOBA .404 → .337 (−67)K% 24.8% → 29.7%

Component	Raw	Park ÷	Level factor ×	GB/FB ×	Age ×	= MLE
K% /PA	24.76%	÷0.999	×1.200	—	—	29.73%
BB% (unintentional) /PA	6.67%	÷0.948	×0.690	—	×1.018	4.94%
HBP% /PA	2.86%	—	×0.940	—	×1.018	2.73%
Singles /BIP	23.91%	÷1.032	×0.930	×0.950	×1.018	20.84%
Doubles /BIP	10.87%	÷1.033	×0.830	×0.950	×1.018	8.44%
Triples /BIP	1.45%	÷1.061	×0.970	×0.950	×1.018	1.28%
Home runs /BIP	7.25%	÷0.866	×0.840	—	×1.018	7.15%

Factors used: league row IL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 73, 1B 106, 2B 107, 3B 112, K 100, BB 90 — applied at half strength. Age: age 26 vs a level average of 27.2 → +1.8% on BB/HBP/hit rates (1.2 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.950.

Result: wOBA .404 → .337; ISO .258 → .225; BABIP .391 → .329. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2017 AAALehigh Valley IronPigs · 306 PAwOBA .355 → .297 (−58)K% 29.4% → 36.7%

Component	Raw	Park ÷	Level factor ×	GB/FB ×	Age ×	= MLE
K% /PA	29.41%	÷0.961	×1.200	—	—	36.71%
BB% (unintentional) /PA	4.90%	÷1.014	×0.690	—	×1.048	3.49%
HBP% /PA	1.63%	—	×0.940	—	×1.048	1.61%
Singles /BIP	23.96%	÷1.055	×0.930	×1.029	×1.048	22.79%
Doubles /BIP	8.33%	÷0.969	×0.830	×1.029	×1.048	7.70%
Triples /BIP	1.04%	÷1.047	×0.970	×1.029	×1.048	1.04%
Home runs /BIP	7.81%	÷1.043	×0.840	—	×1.048	6.59%

Factors used: league row IL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 109, 1B 111, 2B 94, 3B 109, K 92, BB 103 — applied at half strength. Age: age 24 vs a level average of 27.2 → +4.8% on BB/HBP/hit rates (3.2 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×1.029.

Result: wOBA .355 → .297; ISO .230 → .187; BABIP .358 → .334. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2016 AAALehigh Valley IronPigs · 527 PAwOBA .305 → .272 (−33)K% 25.8% → 30.4%

Component	Raw	Park ÷	Level factor ×	GB/FB ×	Age ×	= MLE
K% /PA	25.81%	÷1.018	×1.200	—	—	30.42%
BB% (unintentional) /PA	3.42%	÷1.035	×0.690	—	×1.050	2.39%
HBP% /PA	0.76%	—	×0.940	—	×1.050	0.75%
Singles /BIP	21.05%	÷1.028	×0.930	×1.021	×1.050	20.42%
Doubles /BIP	9.14%	÷1.018	×0.830	×1.021	×1.050	7.99%
Triples /BIP	1.66%	÷1.107	×0.970	×1.021	×1.050	1.56%
Home runs /BIP	3.60%	÷0.942	×0.840	—	×1.050	3.37%

Factors used: league row IL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 88, 1B 106, 2B 104, 3B 121, K 104, BB 107 — applied at half strength. Age: age 23 vs a level average of 27.2 → +5.0% on BB/HBP/hit rates (4.2 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×1.021.

Result: wOBA .305 → .272; ISO .169 → .150; BABIP .325 → .305. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2015 AAReading Fightin Phils · 515 PAwOBA .361 → .334 (−27)K% 18.8% → 21.7%

Component	Raw	Park ÷	Level factor ×	GB/FB ×	Age ×	= MLE
K% /PA	18.83%	÷1.060	×1.220	—	—	21.67%
BB% (unintentional) /PA	6.80%	÷1.029	×0.700	—	×1.042	4.82%
HBP% /PA	0.58%	—	×0.850	—	×1.042	0.52%
Singles /BIP	25.13%	÷0.995	×0.970	×1.024	×1.042	26.13%
Doubles /BIP	6.88%	÷0.949	×0.860	×1.024	×1.042	6.65%
Triples /BIP	1.59%	÷1.150	×0.950	×1.024	×1.042	1.40%
Home runs /BIP	4.50%	÷1.021	×0.780	—	×1.042	3.58%

Factors used: league row EL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 104, 1B 99, 2B 90, 3B 130, K 112, BB 106 — applied at half strength. Age: age 22 vs a level average of 24.8 → +4.2% on BB/HBP/hit rates (2.8 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×1.024.

Result: wOBA .361 → .334; ISO .187 → .160; BABIP .351 → .354. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2014 A+Myrtle Beach Pelicans · 408 PAwOBA .357 → .278 (−78)K% 28.7% → 42.6%

Component	Raw	Park ÷	Level factor ×	GB/FB ×	Age ×	= MLE
K% /PA	28.68%	÷0.957	×1.420	—	—	42.56%
BB% (unintentional) /PA	4.41%	÷0.954	×0.630	—	×1.027	2.99%
HBP% /PA	2.70%	—	×0.860	—	×1.027	2.38%
Singles /BIP	25.00%	÷0.984	×0.940	×1.035	×1.027	25.39%
Doubles /BIP	10.77%	÷1.007	×0.830	×1.035	×1.027	9.44%
Triples /BIP	1.54%	÷0.900	×0.800	×1.035	×1.027	1.45%
Home runs /BIP	5.00%	÷0.971	×0.900	—	×1.027	4.76%

Factors used: league row CAR. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 94, 1B 97, 2B 101, 3B 80, K 91, BB 91 — applied at half strength. Age: age 21 vs a level average of 22.8 → +2.7% on BB/HBP/hit rates (1.8 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×1.035.

Result: wOBA .357 → .278; ISO .199 → .150; BABIP .391 → .379. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2014 AAFrisco RoughRiders · 64 PAwOBA .229 → .198 (−31)K% 32.8% → 40.7%

Component	Raw	Park ÷	Level factor ×	GB/FB ×	Age ×	= MLE
K% /PA	32.81%	÷0.983	×1.220	—	—	40.71%
BB% (unintentional) /PA	1.56%	÷1.055	×0.700	—	×1.050	1.09%
HBP% /PA	0.00%	—	×0.870	—	×1.050	0.00%
Singles /BIP	26.83%	÷1.030	×0.920	—	×1.050	25.16%
Doubles /BIP	4.88%	÷0.890	×0.840	—	×1.050	4.84%
Triples /BIP	2.44%	÷0.921	×0.940	—	×1.050	2.61%
Home runs /BIP	0.00%	÷1.322	×0.800	—	×1.050	0.00%

Factors used: league row TL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 164, 1B 106, 2B 78, 3B 84, K 97, BB 111 — applied at half strength. Age: age 21 vs a level average of 24.8 → +5.0% on BB/HBP/hit rates (3.8 yr younger than average).

Result: wOBA .229 → .198; ISO .065 → .060; BABIP .341 → .326. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2013 AHickory Crawdads · 404 PAwOBA .372 → .293 (−78)K% 27.2% → 36.8%

Component	Raw	Park ÷	Level factor ×	GB/FB ×	Age ×	= MLE
K% /PA	27.23%	÷0.993	×1.340	—	—	36.76%
BB% (unintentional) /PA	3.71%	÷1.065	×0.660	—	×1.030	2.37%
HBP% /PA	2.72%	—	×0.770	—	×1.030	2.16%
Singles /BIP	23.31%	÷1.097	×0.920	×1.050	×1.030	21.15%
Doubles /BIP	7.14%	÷0.947	×0.820	×1.050	×1.030	6.69%
Triples /BIP	4.51%	÷0.968	×0.940	×1.050	×1.030	4.74%
Home runs /BIP	6.39%	÷1.091	×0.820	—	×1.030	4.95%

Factors used: league row SAL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 118, 1B 119, 2B 89, 3B 94, K 99, BB 113 — applied at half strength. Age: age 20 vs a level average of 22.0 → +3.0% on BB/HBP/hit rates (2.0 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×1.050.

Result: wOBA .372 → .293; ISO .250 → .196; BABIP .371 → .340. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

Not traceable per stint: some stints lack the counting stats the component translation needs. Level-wide factors that apply instead — .