Whit Merrifield

Pos2B
B/TR/R
Born1989-01-24
Age (2027)38
No MLB projection yet. Career stats below are historical.
Overview
MLBLAST SEASON 2024
YearAgeLvl / TeamPAAVG/OBP/SLGHRSBwRC+WAR
202233MLBTOR550.250/.303/.3751116891.0
202334MLBTOR592.272/.321/.3821126961.1
202435MLBATL335.222/.311/.314417790.1
202536No MLB games played
202637No MLB games played
Last 3 seasons WAR 2.2
Contract
No contract data on file.
Skills · percentileStatcast 2022-2024
Speed90
xwOBA34
Barrel%10
Avg EV10
Bat Spd10

Career Stats + Projections

Real MLB stats plus park-adjusted projections — this season (so far / rest / full), then future seasons and career totals.
basis chips: RAW = as recorded · CTX = with park/league context · A+C = actual + context combined · MLE = level/park-neutral
Methodology▸ how these numbers are built

All seasons translated to park-neutral MLB-equivalent (MLE) and combined per year. 2027 = full-season projection (no games played yet). 2028+ via Advanced Marcel + aging curve.

YearAge LvlTeam MLB% PAAB H2B3BHR BBSOHBP SBCS AVGOBPSLGOPS ISOBABIP K%BB% wOBAwRC+ BATRUNFLDPOSREP WAR
▸ Career — actual stats, one row per stint (as recorded, no adjustments)
201021 ABurlington Bees — 209186 47835 15423 53 253319409727 156300 207 317 64 — — — — — —
201122 A+Wilmington Blue Rocks — 547477 1253035 52894 2414 262340369709 107310 1610 314 58 — — — — — —
201223 AANorthwest Arkansas Naturals — 10696 25211 8190 32 260317333651 73312 188 291 56 — — — — — —
201223 A+Wilmington Blue Rocks — 439380 962038 41704 254 253332384716 132287 169 313 60 — — — — — —
201223 INTLSurprise Saguaros — 7868 17101 1080 91 250346309655 59271 1013 307 94 — — — — — —
201324 AANorthwest Arkansas Naturals — 353322 872053 22572 177 270321391712 121318 166 312 69 — — — — — —
201425 AAAOmaha Storm Chasers — 345321 1092833 17522 117 340376474850 134394 155 372 93 — — — — — —
201425 AANorthwest Arkansas Naturals — 190162 451315 22271 54 278368463831 185305 1412 360 87 — — — — — —
201425 INTLTomateros de Culiacan — 3331 4100 290 20 129182161343 32182 276 163 -3 — — — — — —
201526 AAAOmaha Storm Chasers — 594544 1442955 39664 329 265319364683 99292 117 305 55 — — — — — —
201627 MLBKansas City Royals — 332311 882232 19720 83 283324392717 109361 226 318 101 +1 +0 -1 +2 +7 1.0
201627 AAAOmaha Storm Chasers — 304274 731908 22552 202 266326423749 157302 187 327 68 — — — — — —
201728 MLBKansas City Royals — 630587 16932619 29886 348 288328460788 172308 145 343 122 +17 +4 +3 +2 +14 4.0
201728 AAAOmaha Storm Chasers — 3734 14403 141 11 4124447941.239 382393 113 517 181 — — — — — —
201829 MLBKansas City Royals — 707632 19243312 611146 4510 304371438809 134352 169 358 130 +25 +5 +4 +3 +15 5.3
201930 MLBKansas City Royals — 735681 206411016 451265 2010 302350463813 160350 176 358 128 +24 +0 -3 +3 +16 4.1
202031 MLBKansas City Royals — 265248 701209 12334 123 282326440765 157295 125 339 120 +6 +1 +3 -3 +6 1.3
202132 MLBKansas City Royals — 720664 18442310 401034 404 277322395717 117309 146 316 101 +1 +6 +4 +3 +16 3.0
202233 MLBToronto Blue Jays — 550504 12628111 38850 165 250303375678 125276 157 300 89 -8 +1 +2 +2 +12 1.0
202334 MLBToronto Blue Jays — 592547 14927011 361013 2610 272321382703 110313 176 313 96 -3 +1 -3 +2 +13 1.1
202435 MLBAtlanta Braves — 335293 65934 35523 173 222311314625 92257 1610 286 79 -8 +2 -2 +1 +7 0.1
▸ Career Totals (raw MLB only — historical actual)
MLB Career— — 48664467 12492562994 31577431 21856 280331413744 133317 166 329 109 +51 +21 +8 +15 +105 20.4
▸ Career — adjusted (every ACTUAL line translated to park/league-neutral MLB equivalents)
201021 A MLEBurlington Bees — 209191 42634 10563 53 220270346615 126277 275 263 64 — — — — — —
201122 A+ MLEWilmington Blue Rocks — 547496 1102525 331314 2414 222276310586 89277 246 254 58 — — — — — —
201223 AA MLENorthwest Arkansas Naturals — 10698 23211 6230 32 235279306585 71285 226 251 56 — — — — — —
201223 A+ MLEWilmington Blue Rocks — 439396 841829 251024 254 212266336602 124246 236 257 60 — — — — — —
201324 AA MLENorthwest Arkansas Naturals — 353329 801852 15722 177 243280347627 103293 204 270 69 — — — — — —
201425 AAA MLEOmaha Storm Chasers — 345327 932332 11712 117 284312391703 107349 213 306 93 — — — — — —
201425 AA MLENorthwest Arkansas Naturals — 190169 411213 15331 54 243308379687 136274 178 297 87 — — — — — —
201526 AAA MLEOmaha Storm Chasers — 594559 1272543 24854 329 227264302566 75258 144 250 55 — — — — — —
201627 MLB MLEKansas City Royals — 332312 882232 18720 83 282321391712 109361 225 318 101 +1 +0 -1 +2 +7 1.0
201627 AAA MLEOmaha Storm Chasers — 304281 641606 15682 202 228272349621 121267 225 269 68 — — — — — —
201728 MLB MLEKansas City Royals — 630587 17232621 29886 348 293333475808 182308 145 349 122 +17 +4 +3 +2 +14 4.0
201728 AAA MLEOmaha Storm Chasers — 3734 11302 151 11 324361588949 265328 143 436 181 — — — — — —
201829 MLB MLEKansas City Royals — 707634 19443313 591146 4510 306371445815 139352 168 360 130 +25 +5 +4 +3 +15 5.3
201930 MLB MLEKansas City Royals — 735686 20741917 401265 2010 302345462807 160350 175 357 128 +24 +0 -3 +3 +16 4.1
202031 MLB MLEKansas City Royals — 265248 7112010 12334 123 286330456785 169295 125 346 120 +6 +1 +3 -3 +6 1.3
202132 MLB MLEKansas City Royals — 720665 18642311 391034 404 280323402725 122309 145 318 101 +1 +6 +4 +3 +16 3.0
202233 MLB MLEToronto Blue Jays — 550504 12628111 38850 165 250303375678 125276 157 299 89 -8 +1 +2 +2 +12 1.0
202334 MLB MLEToronto Blue Jays — 592549 14827011 341013 2610 270316379695 109313 176 310 96 -3 +1 -3 +2 +13 1.1
202435 MLB MLEAtlanta Braves — 335293 65934 35523 173 222311314625 92257 1610 286 79 -8 +2 -2 +1 +7 0.1
201021 A MLEBurlington Bees — 209191 42634 10563 53 220270346615 126288 275 263 64 — — — — — —
201021 A RAWBurlington Bees — 209186 47835 15423 53 253319409727 156300 207 317 64 — — — — — —
201122 A+ MLEWilmington Blue Rocks — 547496 1102525 331314 2414 222276310586 89288 246 254 58 — — — — — —
201122 A+ RAWWilmington Blue Rocks — 547477 1253035 52894 2414 262340369709 107310 1610 314 58 — — — — — —
201223 A+ MLE3 teams — 623568 12122311 351434 377 213264320584 107262 236 256 59 — — — — — —
201223 A+ RAW3 teams — 623544 13823410 59974 377 254331366697 112289 169 309 59 — — — — — —
201324 AA MLENorthwest Arkansas Naturals — 353329 801852 15722 177 243280347627 103304 204 270 69 — — — — — —
201324 AA RAWNorthwest Arkansas Naturals — 353322 872053 22572 177 270321391712 121318 166 312 69 — — — — — —
201425 AAA MLE3 teams — 568528 1433746 271113 1811 271310390700 119330 205 303 91 — — — — — —
201425 AAA RAW3 teams — 568514 1584248 41883 1811 307362451813 144355 157 356 91 — — — — — —
201526 AAA MLEOmaha Storm Chasers — 594559 1272543 24854 329 227264302566 75262 144 250 55 — — — — — —
201526 AAA RAWOmaha Storm Chasers — 594544 1442955 39664 329 265319364683 99292 117 305 55 — — — — — —
201627 MLB MLE2 teams — 636593 1523838 331402 285 256298371669 115320 225 295 85 -11 +4 -1 +2 +14 0.8
201627 MLB RAW2 teams — 636585 16141310 411272 285 275325407732 132333 206 323 85 -11 +4 -1 +2 +14 0.8
201728 MLB MLE2 teams — 667621 18335623 30937 359 295334481816 187312 144 354 126 +20 +3 +3 +2 +14 4.4
201728 MLB RAW2 teams — 667621 18336622 30927 359 295334478813 184313 144 353 126 +20 +3 +3 +2 +14 4.4
201829 MLB MLEKansas City Royals — 707634 19443313 591146 4510 306371445815 139353 168 360 130 +25 +5 +4 +3 +15 5.3
201829 MLB RAWKansas City Royals — 707632 19243312 611146 4510 304371438809 134352 169 358 130 +25 +5 +4 +3 +15 5.3
201930 MLB MLEKansas City Royals — 735686 20741917 401265 2010 302345462807 160347 175 357 128 +24 +0 -3 +3 +16 4.1
201930 MLB RAWKansas City Royals — 735681 206411016 451265 2010 302350463813 160350 176 358 128 +24 +0 -3 +3 +16 4.1
202031 MLB MLEKansas City Royals — 265248 7112010 12334 123 286330456785 169296 125 346 120 +6 +1 +3 -3 +6 1.3
202031 MLB RAWKansas City Royals — 265248 701209 12334 123 282326440765 157295 125 339 120 +6 +1 +3 -3 +6 1.3
202132 MLB MLEKansas City Royals — 720665 18642311 391034 404 280323402725 122311 145 318 101 +1 +6 +4 +3 +16 3.0
202132 MLB RAWKansas City Royals — 720664 18442310 401034 404 277322395717 117309 146 316 101 +1 +6 +4 +3 +16 3.0
202233 MLB MLEToronto Blue Jays — 550504 12628111 38850 165 250303375678 125276 157 299 89 -8 +1 +2 +2 +12 1.0
202233 MLB RAWToronto Blue Jays — 550504 12628111 38850 165 250303375678 125276 157 300 89 -8 +1 +2 +2 +12 1.0
202334 MLB MLEToronto Blue Jays — 592549 14827011 341013 2610 270316379695 109309 176 310 96 -3 +1 -3 +2 +13 1.1
202334 MLB RAWToronto Blue Jays — 592547 14927011 361013 2610 272321382703 110313 176 313 96 -3 +1 -3 +2 +13 1.1
202435 MLB MLEAtlanta Braves — 335293 65934 35523 173 222311314625 92257 1610 286 79 -8 +2 -2 +1 +7 0.1
202435 MLB RAWAtlanta Braves — 335293 65934 35523 173 222311314625 92257 1610 286 79 -8 +2 -2 +1 +7 0.1
201021 A MLEBurlington Bees — 209194 42634 10563 53 216270340610 124277 275 263 64 — — — — — —
201122 A+ MLEWilmington Blue Rocks — 547505 1102525 331314 2414 218276305581 87277 246 254 58 — — — — — —
201223 A+ MLE3 teams — 623579 12122311 351434 377 209264314578 105254 236 256 59 — — — — — —
201324 AA MLENorthwest Arkansas Naturals — 353333 801852 15722 177 240280342623 102293 204 270 69 — — — — — —
201425 AAA MLE3 teams — 568533 1433746 271113 1811 268310386697 118322 205 303 91 — — — — — —
201526 AAA MLEOmaha Storm Chasers — 594561 1272543 24854 329 226264301565 75258 144 250 55 — — — — — —
201627 MLB MLE2 teams — 636596 1523838 331402 285 255298369667 114316 225 295 85 — — — — — —
201728 MLB MLE2 teams — 667625 18335623 30937 359 293334478813 186309 144 354 126 — — — — — —
201829 MLB MLEKansas City Royals — 707636 19443313 591146 4510 305371443814 138352 168 360 130 — — — — — —
201930 MLB MLEKansas City Royals — 735684 20741917 401265 2010 303345463808 161350 175 357 128 — — — — — —
202031 MLB MLEKansas City Royals — 265247 7112010 12334 123 287330457787 170295 125 346 120 — — — — — —
202132 MLB MLEKansas City Royals — 720671 18642311 391034 404 277323398721 121309 145 318 101 — — — — — —
202233 MLB MLEToronto Blue Jays — 550507 12628111 38850 165 249303373675 124276 157 299 89 — — — — — —
202334 MLB MLEToronto Blue Jays — 592550 14827011 341013 2610 269316378694 109313 176 310 96 — — — — — —
202435 MLB MLEAtlanta Braves — 335294 65934 35523 173 221311313624 92257 1610 286 79 — — — — — —
▸ Model inputs — neutral MLE (past 3 seasons)
202435 MLB MLEAtlanta Braves — 335294 65934 35523 173 221311313624 92257 1610 286 79 — — — — — —
▸ Career Totals
▸ Career totals — MLB only (actual + projected)
Career— A+C — 48664467 12492562994 31577431 21856 280331413744 133317 166 329 93 +51 +21 +8 +15 +105 20.4
/ 162G— A+C — 650597 16734413 421034 297 280331415747 136316 166 329 93 +7 +3 +1 +2 +14 2.7
Career— MLE — 81017464 195540849139 464144554 372110 262310386695 124305 186 305 93 +51 +21 +8 +15 +105 20.4
/ 162G— MLE — 650599 15733411 371164 309 262309386695 124305 186 305 93 +7 +3 +1 +2 +14 2.7

How the minor-league lines were translated

One row per minor-league stint. Open a row to see each step: the raw rate, the park adjustment, the league/level factor, the age adjustment (hitters) and the resulting MLE rate. Factors are the same ones listed on the MLE Factors page.

2017 AAAOmaha Storm Chasers · 37 PAwOBA .516 → .436 (−80)K% 10.8% → 13.2%
ComponentRawPark ÷Level factor ×GB/FB ×Age ×= MLE
K% /PA10.81%÷1.054×1.290——13.23%
BB% (unintentional) /PA2.70%÷1.076×0.710—×0.9921.77%
HBP% /PA2.70%—×0.980—×0.9922.63%
Singles /BIP23.33%÷1.024×0.900—×0.99220.35%
Doubles /BIP13.33%÷0.985×0.810—×0.99210.88%
Triples /BIP0.00%÷0.914×0.810—×0.9920.00%
Home runs /BIP10.00%÷0.956×0.780—×0.9928.09%

Factors used: league row PCL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 91, 1B 105, 2B 97, 3B 83, K 111, BB 115 — applied at half strength. Age: age 28 vs a level average of 27.2 → −0.8% on BB/HBP/hit rates (0.8 yr older than average).

Result: wOBA .516 → .436; ISO .382 → .315; BABIP .393 → .328. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2016 AAAOmaha Storm Chasers · 304 PAwOBA .321 → .269 (−52)K% 18.1% → 22.4%
ComponentRawPark ÷Level factor ×GB/FB ×Age ×= MLE
K% /PA18.09%÷1.040×1.290——22.44%
BB% (unintentional) /PA6.91%÷1.006×0.710—×1.0034.89%
HBP% /PA0.66%—×0.980—×1.0030.65%
Singles /BIP21.00%÷0.968×0.900×0.973×1.00319.06%
Doubles /BIP8.68%÷0.929×0.810×0.973×1.0037.38%
Triples /BIP0.00%÷1.068×0.810×0.973×1.0030.00%
Home runs /BIP3.65%÷1.054×0.780—×1.0032.71%

Factors used: league row PCL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 111, 1B 94, 2B 86, 3B 114, K 108, BB 101 — applied at half strength. Age: age 27 vs a level average of 27.2 → +0.3% on BB/HBP/hit rates (0.2 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.973.

Result: wOBA .321 → .269; ISO .157 → .124; BABIP .302 → .267. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2015 AAAOmaha Storm Chasers · 594 PAwOBA .297 → .250 (−47)K% 11.1% → 14.3%
ComponentRawPark ÷Level factor ×GB/FB ×Age ×= MLE
K% /PA11.11%÷0.999×1.290——14.34%
BB% (unintentional) /PA6.40%÷1.127×0.710—×1.0184.10%
HBP% /PA0.67%—×0.980—×1.0180.67%
Singles /BIP21.97%÷1.008×0.900×0.989×1.01819.75%
Doubles /BIP6.07%÷0.961×0.810×0.989×1.0185.15%
Triples /BIP1.05%÷0.948×0.810×0.989×1.0180.90%
Home runs /BIP1.05%÷1.157×0.780—×1.0180.72%

Factors used: league row PCL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 131, 1B 102, 2B 92, 3B 90, K 100, BB 125 — applied at half strength. Age: age 26 vs a level average of 27.2 → +1.8% on BB/HBP/hit rates (1.2 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.989.

Result: wOBA .297 → .250; ISO .099 → .080; BABIP .292 → .258. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2014 AAAOmaha Storm Chasers · 345 PAwOBA .364 → .306 (−58)K% 15.1% → 20.6%
ComponentRawPark ÷Level factor ×GB/FB ×Age ×= MLE
K% /PA15.07%÷0.945×1.290——20.57%
BB% (unintentional) /PA4.64%÷1.096×0.710—×1.0333.10%
HBP% /PA0.58%—×0.980—×1.0330.59%
Singles /BIP27.88%÷1.027×0.900×0.992×1.03325.05%
Doubles /BIP10.41%÷0.969×0.810×0.992×1.0338.92%
Triples /BIP1.12%÷0.900×0.810×0.992×1.0331.03%
Home runs /BIP1.12%÷0.998×0.780—×1.0330.90%

Factors used: league row PCL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 100, 1B 105, 2B 94, 3B 80, K 89, BB 119 — applied at half strength. Age: age 25 vs a level average of 27.2 → +3.3% on BB/HBP/hit rates (2.2 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.992.

Result: wOBA .364 → .306; ISO .134 → .111; BABIP .394 → .349. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2014 AANorthwest Arkansas Naturals · 190 PAwOBA .352 → .297 (−56)K% 14.2% → 17.6%
ComponentRawPark ÷Level factor ×GB/FB ×Age ×= MLE
K% /PA14.21%÷0.984×1.220——17.63%
BB% (unintentional) /PA11.58%÷1.028×0.700—×0.9987.87%
HBP% /PA0.53%—×0.870—×0.9980.46%
Singles /BIP19.26%÷0.977×0.920×0.995×0.99818.00%
Doubles /BIP9.63%÷0.969×0.840×0.995×0.9988.29%
Triples /BIP0.74%÷1.127×0.940×0.995×0.9980.61%
Home runs /BIP3.70%÷1.199×0.800—×0.9982.47%

Factors used: league row TL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 140, 1B 95, 2B 94, 3B 125, K 97, BB 106 — applied at half strength. Age: age 25 vs a level average of 24.8 → −0.2% on BB/HBP/hit rates (0.2 yr older than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.995.

Result: wOBA .352 → .297; ISO .185 → .147; BABIP .305 → .274. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2013 AANorthwest Arkansas Naturals · 353 PAwOBA .306 → .270 (−36)K% 16.1% → 20.3%
ComponentRawPark ÷Level factor ×GB/FB ×Age ×= MLE
K% /PA16.15%÷0.972×1.220——20.27%
BB% (unintentional) /PA6.23%÷1.028×0.700—×1.0124.30%
HBP% /PA0.57%—×0.870—×1.0120.50%
Singles /BIP22.26%÷1.018×0.920×1.012×1.01220.61%
Doubles /BIP7.55%÷0.956×0.840×1.012×1.0126.79%
Triples /BIP1.89%÷0.996×0.940×1.012×1.0121.83%
Home runs /BIP1.13%÷0.980×0.800—×1.0120.94%

Factors used: league row TL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 96, 1B 104, 2B 91, 3B 99, K 94, BB 106 — applied at half strength. Age: age 24 vs a level average of 24.8 → +1.2% on BB/HBP/hit rates (0.8 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×1.012.

Result: wOBA .306 → .270; ISO .121 → .109; BABIP .318 → .293. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2012 A+Wilmington Blue Rocks · 439 PAwOBA .309 → .257 (−52)K% 15.9% → 23.2%
ComponentRawPark ÷Level factor ×GB/FB ×Age ×= MLE
K% /PA15.95%÷0.978×1.420——23.16%
BB% (unintentional) /PA9.34%÷1.054×0.630—×0.9985.57%
HBP% /PA0.91%—×0.860—×0.9980.78%
Singles /BIP20.97%÷1.085×0.940×0.987×0.99817.89%
Doubles /BIP6.45%÷0.931×0.830×0.987×0.9985.67%
Triples /BIP0.97%÷1.113×0.800×0.987×0.9980.69%
Home runs /BIP2.58%÷0.783×0.900—×0.9982.96%

Factors used: league row CAR. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 57, 1B 117, 2B 86, 3B 123, K 96, BB 111 — applied at half strength. Age: age 23 vs a level average of 22.8 → −0.2% on BB/HBP/hit rates (0.2 yr older than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.987.

Result: wOBA .309 → .257; ISO .132 → .130; BABIP .287 → .246. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2012 AANorthwest Arkansas Naturals · 106 PAwOBA .286 → .251 (−35)K% 17.9% → 22.1%
ComponentRawPark ÷Level factor ×GB/FB ×Age ×= MLE
K% /PA17.92%÷0.989×1.220——22.12%
BB% (unintentional) /PA7.55%÷0.936×0.700—×1.0275.80%
HBP% /PA0.00%—×0.870—×1.0270.00%
Singles /BIP27.27%÷1.047×0.920×1.010×1.02724.86%
Doubles /BIP2.60%÷0.883×0.840×1.010×1.0272.56%
Triples /BIP1.30%÷1.079×0.940×1.010×1.0271.17%
Home runs /BIP1.30%÷1.059×0.800—×1.0271.01%

Factors used: league row TL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 112, 1B 109, 2B 77, 3B 116, K 98, BB 87 — applied at half strength. Age: age 23 vs a level average of 24.8 → +2.7% on BB/HBP/hit rates (1.8 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×1.010.

Result: wOBA .286 → .251; ISO .073 → .063; BABIP .312 → .285. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

Not traceable per stint: some stints lack the counting stats the component translation needs. Level-wide factors that apply instead — .