Charlie Culberson

Pos3B
B/TR/R
Born1989-04-10
Age (2027)38
No MLB projection yet. Career stats below are historical.
Overview
AAALAST SEASON 2023
YearAgeLvl / TeamPAAVG/OBP/SLGHRSBwRC+WARMLE AVG/OBP/SLG
202132MLBTEX271.243/.297/.38157850.6
202233MLBTEX124.252/.283/.3572273-0.6
202334AAAATL107.204/.243/.255138—.180/.204/.230
202435No MLB games played
202536No MLB games played
202637No MLB games played
Last 3 seasons WAR 0.0
Contract
No contract data on file.
Skills · percentileStatcast 2021-2023
Speed58
xwOBA12
Barrel%10
Avg EV10
Bat Spd10

Career Stats + Projections

Real MLB stats plus park-adjusted projections — this season (so far / rest / full), then future seasons and career totals.
basis chips: RAW = as recorded · CTX = with park/league context · A+C = actual + context combined · MLE = level/park-neutral
Methodology▸ how these numbers are built

All seasons translated to park-neutral MLB-equivalent (MLE) and combined per year. 2027 = full-season projection (no games played yet). 2028+ via Advanced Marcel + aging curve.

YearAge LvlTeam MLB% PAAB H2B3BHR BBSOHBP SBCS AVGOBPSLGOPS ISOBABIP K%BB% wOBAwRC+ BATRUNFLDPOSREP WAR
▸ Career — actual stats, one row per stint (as recorded, no adjustments)
200718 ROKAZL Giants — 187161 46851 19385 191 286378416795 130363 2010 355 59 — — — — — —
200819 AAugusta GreenJackets — 313282 661123 18576 66 234294319613 85279 186 274 51 — — — — — —
200920 AAugusta GreenJackets — 558509 1251932 3311010 154 246304306611 61308 206 278 42 — — — — — —
201021 A+San Jose Giants — 551503 14628416 33998 257 290344457801 167330 186 351 84 — — — — — —
201021 INTLScottsdale Scorpions — 9993 341122 5220 12 366398591989 226457 225 426 175 — — — — — —
201122 AARichmond Flying Squirrels — 587553 14334210 221296 144 259294382676 123320 224 299 51 — — — — — —
201223 MLBSan Francisco Giants — 2322 3000 070 00 136136136273 200 300 118 -33 -4 +0 -0 +2 +0 -0.2
201223 AAAColorado Springs Sky Sox — 508476 12525712 21945 144 263301420721 158302 194 315 56 — — — — — —
201324 MLBColorado Rockies — 10499 29502 4230 51 293320404724 111360 224 320 90 -1 +1 -2 -6 +2 -0.7
201324 AAAColorado Springs Sky Sox — 419397 12327814 17741 139 310340524864 214350 184 373 93 — — — — — —
201425 MLBColorado Rockies — 233210 41723 12625 22 195256290546 95259 275 244 39 -17 -0 -0 +1 +5 -1.2
201526 AAAAlbuquerque Isotopes — 2020 4101 060 00 200200400600 200231 300 259 1 — — — — — —
201526 INTLGigantes del Cibao — 9277 19201 13161 11 247363312674 65300 1714 314 99 — — — — — —
201627 MLBLos Angeles Dodgers — 6867 20301 1130 10 299309388697 90358 191 310 99 -0 +0 -0 +1 +1 0.3
201627 AAAOklahoma City Dodgers — 285265 691724 18611 65 260310385695 125325 216 310 51 — — — — — —
201728 MLBLos Angeles Dodgers — 1513 2100 240 00 154267231497 77222 2713 239 54 -1 +0 +0 +5 +0 0.4
201728 AAAOklahoma City Dodgers — 414384 961344 26681 73 250299336635 86294 166 286 42 — — — — — —
201829 MLBAtlanta Braves — 322296 8018212 21854 42 270327466793 196340 267 349 115 +6 +0 -2 -3 +7 0.7
201930 MLBAtlanta Braves — 144135 35525 6441 01 259296437733 178345 314 318 101 +0 -0 -1 -2 +3 0.1
202132 MLBTexas Rangers — 271247 601525 17642 71 243297381678 138307 246 297 85 -5 +1 +3 +1 +6 0.6
202233 MLBTexas Rangers — 124115 29602 5310 23 252283357640 104329 254 277 73 -4 -1 -4 +0 +3 -0.6
202334 AAAGwinnett Stripers — 10798 20201 5350 31 204243255498 51288 335 220 8 — — — — — —
▸ Career Totals (raw MLB only — historical actual)
MLB Career— — 13041204 29960830 6833312 2110 248295386681 138318 265 300 89 -17 +0 -7 -1 +28 0.4
▸ Career — adjusted (every ACTUAL line translated to park/league-neutral MLB equivalents)
200718 ROK MLEAZL Giants — 187169 37641 11555 191 219286320606 101292 296 255 59 — — — — — —
200819 A MLEAugusta GreenJackets — 313287 641023 13766 66 223271303574 80274 244 243 51 — — — — — —
200920 A MLEAugusta GreenJackets — 558520 1111532 2214710 154 213259265524 52287 264 230 42 — — — — — —
201021 A+ MLESan Jose Giants — 551513 12723314 231378 257 248290386676 138301 254 293 84 — — — — — —
201122 AA MLERichmond Flying Squirrels — 587562 1252827 131616 144 222248317565 94292 272 244 51 — — — — — —
201223 MLB MLESan Francisco Giants — 2322 3000 070 00 136136136273 200 300 120 -33 -4 +0 -0 +2 +0 -0.2
201223 AAA MLEColorado Springs Sky Sox — 508480 1041959 171355 144 217251333584 117272 273 251 56 — — — — — —
201324 MLB MLEColorado Rockies — 104100 28502 3230 51 280301390691 110360 223 301 90 -1 +1 -2 -6 +2 -0.7
201324 AAA MLEColorado Springs Sky Sox — 419404 10623611 101011 139 262282431713 168322 242 305 93 — — — — — —
201425 MLB MLEColorado Rockies — 233212 39713 10625 22 184238269507 85259 274 226 39 -17 -0 -0 +1 +5 -1.2
201526 AAA MLEAlbuquerque Isotopes — 2020 4101 080 00 200200400600 200194 400 170 1 — — — — — —
201627 MLB MLELos Angeles Dodgers — 6867 20301 1130 10 299309388697 90358 191 315 99 -0 +0 -0 +1 +1 0.3
201627 AAA MLEOklahoma City Dodgers — 285271 581413 12811 65 214250306556 92292 284 244 51 — — — — — —
201728 MLB MLELos Angeles Dodgers — 1513 2100 240 00 154267231497 77222 2713 248 54 -1 +0 +0 +5 +0 0.4
201728 AAA MLEOklahoma City Dodgers — 414393 841033 17881 73 214248277526 64264 214 231 42 — — — — — —
201829 MLB MLEAtlanta Braves — 322301 8018212 16854 42 266312458770 193340 265 338 115 +6 +0 -2 -3 +7 0.7
201930 MLB MLEAtlanta Braves — 144135 35525 6441 01 259296437733 178345 314 318 101 +0 -0 -1 -2 +3 0.1
202132 MLB MLETexas Rangers — 271248 611625 16642 71 246297387684 141307 246 293 85 -5 +1 +3 +1 +6 0.6
202233 MLB MLETexas Rangers — 124115 29602 5310 23 252283357640 104329 254 276 73 -4 -1 -4 +0 +3 -0.6
202334 AAA MLEGwinnett Stripers — 107100 18201 3420 31 180204230434 50250 393 180 8 — — — — — —
200718 ROK MLEAZL Giants — 187169 37641 11555 191 219286320606 101313 296 255 59 — — — — — —
200718 ROK RAWAZL Giants — 187161 46851 19385 191 286378416795 130363 2010 355 59 — — — — — —
200819 A MLEAugusta GreenJackets — 313287 641023 13766 66 223271303574 80288 244 243 51 — — — — — —
200819 A RAWAugusta GreenJackets — 313282 661123 18576 66 234294319613 85279 186 274 51 — — — — — —
200920 A MLEAugusta GreenJackets — 558520 1111532 2214710 154 213259265524 52292 264 230 42 — — — — — —
200920 A RAWAugusta GreenJackets — 558509 1251932 3311010 154 246304306611 61308 206 278 42 — — — — — —
201021 A+ MLE2 teams — 650607 15128317 271618 269 249290389679 140307 254 293 84 — — — — — —
201021 A+ RAW2 teams — 650596 18039618 381218 269 302352478830 176349 196 362 84 — — — — — —
201122 AA MLERichmond Flying Squirrels — 587562 1252827 131616 144 222248317565 94298 272 244 51 — — — — — —
201122 AA RAWRichmond Flying Squirrels — 587553 14334210 221296 144 259294382676 123320 224 299 51 — — — — — —
201223 AAA MLE2 teams — 531502 1071959 171425 144 213246325571 112276 273 245 52 — — — — — —
201223 AAA RAW2 teams — 531498 12825712 211015 144 257294408702 151298 194 306 52 — — — — — —
201324 AAA MLE2 teams — 523504 13428612 131241 1810 266286417702 151329 242 304 92 — — — — — —
201324 AAA RAW2 teams — 523496 15232816 21971 1810 306336500836 194352 194 362 92 — — — — — —
201425 MLB MLEColorado Rockies — 233212 39713 10625 22 184238269507 85242 274 226 39 -17 -0 -0 +1 +5 -1.2
201425 MLB RAWColorado Rockies — 233210 41723 12625 22 195256290546 95259 275 244 39 -17 -0 -0 +1 +5 -1.2
201526 INTL MLE2 teams — 112110 16403 0451 11 145153264417 118210 400 170 1 — — — — — —
201526 INTL RAW2 teams — 11297 23302 13221 11 237333330663 93288 2012 305 1 — — — — — —
201627 AAA MLE2 teams — 353338 781714 13941 75 231261322584 92308 274 258 61 — — — — — —
201627 AAA RAW2 teams — 353332 892025 19741 75 268310386695 117332 215 310 61 — — — — — —
201728 AAA MLE2 teams — 429406 861133 19921 73 212249276525 64266 214 232 43 — — — — — —
201728 AAA RAW2 teams — 429397 981444 28721 73 247298332631 86292 177 284 43 — — — — — —
201829 MLB MLEAtlanta Braves — 322301 8018212 16854 42 266312458770 193332 265 338 115 +6 +0 -2 -3 +7 0.7
201829 MLB RAWAtlanta Braves — 322296 8018212 21854 42 270327466793 196340 267 349 115 +6 +0 -2 -3 +7 0.7
201930 MLB MLEAtlanta Braves — 144135 35525 6441 01 259296437733 178345 314 318 101 +0 -0 -1 -2 +3 0.1
201930 MLB RAWAtlanta Braves — 144135 35525 6441 01 259296437733 178345 314 318 101 +0 -0 -1 -2 +3 0.1
202132 MLB MLETexas Rangers — 271248 611625 16642 71 246297387684 141311 246 293 85 -5 +1 +3 +1 +6 0.6
202132 MLB RAWTexas Rangers — 271247 601525 17642 71 243297381678 138307 246 297 85 -5 +1 +3 +1 +6 0.6
202233 MLB MLETexas Rangers — 124115 29602 5310 23 252283357640 104329 254 276 73 -4 -1 -4 +0 +3 -0.6
202233 MLB RAWTexas Rangers — 124115 29602 5310 23 252283357640 104329 254 277 73 -4 -1 -4 +0 +3 -0.6
202334 AAA MLEGwinnett Stripers — 107100 18201 3420 31 180204230434 50279 393 180 8 — — — — — —
202334 AAA RAWGwinnett Stripers — 10798 20201 5350 31 204243255498 51288 335 220 8 — — — — — —
200718 ROK MLEAZL Giants — 187169 37641 11555 191 219286320606 101292 296 255 59 — — — — — —
200819 A MLEAugusta GreenJackets — 313291 641023 13766 66 220271299570 79274 244 243 51 — — — — — —
200920 A MLEAugusta GreenJackets — 558521 1111532 2214710 154 213259265524 52287 264 230 42 — — — — — —
201021 A+ MLE2 teams — 650610 15128317 271618 269 248290387677 139301 254 293 84 — — — — — —
201122 AA MLERichmond Flying Squirrels — 587563 1252827 131616 144 222248316564 94292 272 244 51 — — — — — —
201223 AAA MLE2 teams — 531504 1071959 171425 144 212246323570 111269 273 245 52 — — — — — —
201324 AAA MLE2 teams — 523504 13428612 131241 1810 266286417702 151330 242 304 92 — — — — — —
201425 MLB MLEColorado Rockies — 233216 39713 10625 22 181238264502 83259 274 226 39 — — — — — —
201526 INTL MLE2 teams — 112110 16403 0451 11 145153264417 118194 400 170 1 — — — — — —
201627 AAA MLE2 teams — 353336 781714 13941 75 232261324586 92305 274 258 61 — — — — — —
201728 AAA MLE2 teams — 429406 861133 19921 73 212249276525 64263 214 232 43 — — — — — —
201829 MLB MLEAtlanta Braves — 322299 8018212 16854 42 268312462773 194340 265 338 115 — — — — — —
201930 MLB MLEAtlanta Braves — 144136 35525 6441 01 257296434730 176345 314 318 101 — — — — — —
202132 MLB MLETexas Rangers — 271251 611625 16642 71 243297382679 139307 246 293 85 — — — — — —
202233 MLB MLETexas Rangers — 124118 29602 5310 23 246283347631 102329 254 276 73 — — — — — —
202334 AAA MLEGwinnett Stripers — 107103 18201 3420 31 175204223427 49250 393 180 8 — — — — — —
▸ Career Totals
▸ Career totals — MLB only (actual + projected)
Career— A+C — 13041204 29960830 6833312 2110 248295386681 138318 265 300 63 -17 +0 -7 -1 +28 0.4
/ 162G— A+C — 650600 14930415 341666 105 248295387682 138318 265 300 63 -9 +0 -4 -0 +14 0.2
Career— MLE — 54445116 11712203689 204142556 14557 229266338604 109298 264 262 63 -17 +0 -7 -1 +28 0.4
/ 162G— MLE — 650611 14026411 241707 177 229266339605 110297 264 262 63 -9 +0 -4 -0 +14 0.2

How the minor-league lines were translated

One row per minor-league stint. Open a row to see each step: the raw rate, the park adjustment, the league/level factor, the age adjustment (hitters) and the resulting MLE rate. Factors are the same ones listed on the MLE Factors page.

2023 AAAGwinnett Stripers · 107 PAwOBA .222 → .180 (−43)K% 32.7% → 39.1%
ComponentRawPark ÷Level factor ×GB/FB ×Age ×= MLE
K% /PA32.71%÷1.005×1.200——39.07%
BB% (unintentional) /PA4.67%÷0.997×0.690—×0.9403.04%
HBP% /PA0.00%—×0.940—×0.9400.00%
Singles /BIP26.98%÷0.968×0.930×0.976×0.94023.77%
Doubles /BIP3.17%÷0.933×0.830×0.976×0.9402.59%
Triples /BIP0.00%÷0.999×0.970×0.976×0.9400.00%
Home runs /BIP1.59%÷0.984×0.700—×0.9401.06%

Factors used: league row International League. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 97, 1B 94, 2B 87, 3B 100, K 101, BB 99 — applied at half strength. Age: age 34 vs a level average of 27.2 → −6.0% on BB/HBP/hit rates (6.8 yr older than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.976.

Result: wOBA .222 → .180; ISO .051 → .036; BABIP .288 → .250. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2017 AAAOklahoma City Dodgers · 414 PAwOBA .277 → .231 (−46)K% 16.4% → 21.2%
ComponentRawPark ÷Level factor ×GB/FB ×Age ×= MLE
K% /PA16.43%÷1.000×1.290——21.19%
BB% (unintentional) /PA5.80%÷1.017×0.710—×0.9924.01%
HBP% /PA0.24%—×0.980—×0.9920.23%
Singles /BIP23.73%÷0.978×0.900×1.018×0.99222.06%
Doubles /BIP4.11%÷1.038×0.810×1.018×0.9923.24%
Triples /BIP1.27%÷1.150×0.810×1.018×0.9920.90%
Home runs /BIP1.27%÷0.989×0.780—×0.9920.99%

Factors used: league row PCL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 98, 1B 96, 2B 108, 3B 130, K 100, BB 103 — applied at half strength. Age: age 28 vs a level average of 27.2 → −0.8% on BB/HBP/hit rates (0.8 yr older than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×1.018.

Result: wOBA .277 → .231; ISO .086 → .064; BABIP .294 → .264. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2016 AAAOklahoma City Dodgers · 285 PAwOBA .302 → .244 (−57)K% 21.4% → 28.4%
ComponentRawPark ÷Level factor ×GB/FB ×Age ×= MLE
K% /PA21.40%÷0.972×1.290——28.39%
BB% (unintentional) /PA6.32%÷1.059×0.710—×1.0034.25%
HBP% /PA0.35%—×0.980—×1.0030.34%
Singles /BIP22.55%÷1.017×0.900×1.038×1.00320.78%
Doubles /BIP8.33%÷0.975×0.810×1.038×1.0037.21%
Triples /BIP0.98%÷1.104×0.810×1.038×1.0030.75%
Home runs /BIP1.96%÷0.947×0.780—×1.0031.62%

Factors used: league row PCL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 89, 1B 103, 2B 95, 3B 121, K 94, BB 112 — applied at half strength. Age: age 27 vs a level average of 27.2 → +0.3% on BB/HBP/hit rates (0.2 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×1.038.

Result: wOBA .302 → .244; ISO .125 → .098; BABIP .325 → .292. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2015 AAAAlbuquerque Isotopes · 20 PAwOBA .250 → .170 (−80)K% 30.0% → 40.3%
ComponentRawPark ÷Level factor ×GB/FB ×Age ×= MLE
K% /PA30.00%÷0.960×1.290——40.32%
BB% (unintentional) /PA0.00%÷1.056×0.710—×1.0180.00%
HBP% /PA0.00%—×0.980—×1.0180.00%
Singles /BIP14.29%÷1.010×0.900—×1.01812.96%
Doubles /BIP7.14%÷1.075×0.810—×1.0185.48%
Triples /BIP0.00%÷0.933×0.810—×1.0180.00%
Home runs /BIP7.14%÷1.105×0.780—×1.0185.13%

Factors used: league row PCL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 121, 1B 102, 2B 115, 3B 87, K 92, BB 111 — applied at half strength. Age: age 26 vs a level average of 27.2 → +1.8% on BB/HBP/hit rates (1.2 yr younger than average).

Result: wOBA .250 → .170; ISO .200 → .125; BABIP .231 → .194. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2013 AAAColorado Springs Sky Sox · 419 PAwOBA .362 → .305 (−56)K% 17.7% → 24.2%
ComponentRawPark ÷Level factor ×GB/FB ×Age ×= MLE
K% /PA17.66%÷0.941×1.290——24.22%
BB% (unintentional) /PA3.34%÷1.000×0.710—×1.0482.49%
HBP% /PA0.24%—×0.980—×1.0480.25%
Singles /BIP22.91%÷1.031×0.900×1.036×1.04821.70%
Doubles /BIP8.36%÷0.967×0.810×1.036×1.0487.60%
Triples /BIP2.48%÷1.071×0.810×1.036×1.0482.03%
Home runs /BIP4.33%÷1.022×0.780—×1.0483.47%

Factors used: league row PCL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 104, 1B 106, 2B 93, 3B 114, K 88, BB 100 — applied at half strength. Age: age 24 vs a level average of 27.2 → +4.8% on BB/HBP/hit rates (3.2 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×1.036.

Result: wOBA .362 → .305; ISO .214 → .170; BABIP .350 → .322. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2012 AAAColorado Springs Sky Sox · 508 PAwOBA .309 → .251 (−58)K% 18.5% → 26.6%
ComponentRawPark ÷Level factor ×GB/FB ×Age ×= MLE
K% /PA18.50%÷0.898×1.290——26.59%
BB% (unintentional) /PA4.13%÷0.927×0.710—×1.0503.32%
HBP% /PA0.98%—×0.980—×1.0501.01%
Singles /BIP21.20%÷1.006×0.900×1.012×1.05020.14%
Doubles /BIP6.54%÷1.068×0.810×1.012×1.0505.27%
Triples /BIP1.83%÷1.150×0.810×1.012×1.0501.37%
Home runs /BIP3.14%÷0.996×0.780—×1.0502.58%

Factors used: league row PCL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 99, 1B 101, 2B 114, 3B 130, K 80, BB 85 — applied at half strength. Age: age 23 vs a level average of 27.2 → +5.0% on BB/HBP/hit rates (4.2 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×1.012.

Result: wOBA .309 → .251; ISO .158 → .116; BABIP .302 → .272. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2011 AARichmond Flying Squirrels · 587 PAwOBA .289 → .244 (−45)K% 22.0% → 27.5%
ComponentRawPark ÷Level factor ×GB/FB ×Age ×= MLE
K% /PA21.98%÷0.974×1.220——27.52%
BB% (unintentional) /PA3.24%÷1.081×0.700—×1.0422.18%
HBP% /PA1.02%—×0.850—×1.0420.91%
Singles /BIP22.88%÷1.075×0.970×1.003×1.04221.57%
Doubles /BIP8.02%÷1.048×0.860×1.003×1.0426.87%
Triples /BIP0.47%÷1.140×0.950×1.003×1.0420.41%
Home runs /BIP2.36%÷1.081×0.780—×1.0421.77%

Factors used: league row EL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 116, 1B 115, 2B 110, 3B 128, K 95, BB 116 — applied at half strength. Age: age 22 vs a level average of 24.8 → +4.2% on BB/HBP/hit rates (2.8 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×1.003.

Result: wOBA .289 → .244; ISO .123 → .096; BABIP .320 → .292. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2010 A+San Jose Giants · 551 PAwOBA .344 → .293 (−51)K% 18.0% → 24.8%
ComponentRawPark ÷Level factor ×GB/FB ×Age ×= MLE
K% /PA17.97%÷0.972×1.340——24.76%
BB% (unintentional) /PA5.63%÷0.990×0.710—×1.0274.14%
HBP% /PA1.45%—×0.790—×1.0271.18%
Singles /BIP24.26%÷0.980×0.910×0.980×1.02722.66%
Doubles /BIP6.93%÷0.939×0.820×0.980×1.0276.09%
Triples /BIP0.99%÷1.085×0.760×0.980×1.0270.70%
Home runs /BIP3.96%÷1.016×0.920—×1.0273.68%

Factors used: league row CAL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 103, 1B 96, 2B 88, 3B 117, K 94, BB 98 — applied at half strength. Age: age 21 vs a level average of 22.8 → +2.7% on BB/HBP/hit rates (1.8 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.980.

Result: wOBA .344 → .293; ISO .167 → .142; BABIP .330 → .301. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

Not traceable per stint: some stints lack the counting stats the component translation needs. Level-wide factors that apply instead — .