John Hester

PosC

B/TR/R

Born1983-09-14

Age (2027)43

No MLB projection yet. Career stats below are historical.

Overview

AAALAST SEASON 2015

Year	Age	Lvl / Team	PA	AVG/OBP/SLG	HR	SB	wRC+	WAR	MLE AVG/OBP/SLG
2013	29	AAALAA	284	.237/.311/.391	8	3	43	—	.183/.236/.298
2014	30	AAALAA	273	.261/.341/.411	6	3	47	—	.187/.244/.287
2015	31	AAAPHI	25	.304/.333/.435	0	0	50	—	.261/.292/.348

Contract

No contract data on file.

Career Stats + Projections

Real MLB stats plus park-adjusted projections — this season (so far / rest / full), then future seasons and career totals.

show model inputsbasis chips: RAW = as recorded · CTX = with park/league context · A+C = actual + context combined · MLE = level/park-neutral

Methodology▸ how these numbers are built

All seasons translated to park-neutral MLB-equivalent (MLE) and combined per year. 2027 = full-season projection (no games played yet). 2028+ via Advanced Marcel + aging curve. Catcher framing: only 2027 Statcast framing is modeled (Baseball Savant server-caches the leaderboard to the current season); prior-year framing is unmodeled — projections for established framers may run 1-3 WAR low.

Year	Age	Lvl	Team	MLB%	PA	AB	H	2B	3B	HR	BB	SO	HBP	SB	CS	AVG	OBP	SLG	OPS	ISO	BABIP	K%	BB%	wOBA	wRC+	BAT	RUN	FLD	POS	REP	WAR
▸ Career — actual stats, one row per stint (as recorded, no adjustments)
2006	22	ROK	Missoula Osprey	—	227	192	52	16	4	6	27	52	5	6	2	271	375	490	865	219	336	23	12	377	57	—	—	—	—	—	—
2007	23	A+	Visalia Oaks	—	320	297	78	16	1	10	22	64	1	4	2	263	316	424	740	162	305	20	7	329	62	—	—	—	—	—	—
2008	24	AA	Mobile BayBears	—	331	306	82	26	2	11	16	78	2	3	2	268	309	474	782	206	317	24	5	336	76	—	—	—	—	—	—
2009	25	MLB	Arizona Diamondbacks	—	30	28	7	2	0	1	2	7	0	0	0	250	300	429	729	179	300	23	7	322	104	+0	+0	-2	+7	+1	0.6
2009	25	AAA	Reno Aces	—	355	329	108	31	5	9	22	65	3	13	3	328	376	535	911	207	387	18	6	398	103	—	—	—	—	—	—
2010	26	MLB	Arizona Diamondbacks	—	106	95	20	7	0	2	11	32	0	1	0	211	292	347	640	137	295	30	10	290	73	-3	+0	-9	+5	+2	-0.4
2010	26	AAA	Reno Aces	—	159	138	51	12	4	7	16	26	3	2	4	370	446	667	1.113	297	411	16	10	473	133	—	—	—	—	—	—
2010	26	INTL	Gigantes del Cibao	—	38	34	9	3	0	1	3	9	0	0	0	265	324	441	766	176	333	24	8	330	110	—	—	—	—	—	—
2011	27	AAA	Norfolk Tides	—	353	317	80	13	0	6	31	80	3	0	4	252	325	350	675	98	319	23	9	307	45	—	—	—	—	—	—
2012	28	MLB	Los Angeles Angels	—	95	85	18	1	0	3	8	25	1	0	0	212	287	329	617	118	263	26	8	279	75	-3	+0	-10	+4	+2	-0.7
2012	28	AAA	Salt Lake Bees	—	143	126	29	8	2	4	12	40	1	0	1	230	302	421	723	190	298	28	8	311	41	—	—	—	—	—	—
2013	29	AAA	Salt Lake Bees	—	284	253	60	13	1	8	27	75	0	3	1	237	311	391	702	154	301	26	10	310	43	—	—	—	—	—	—
2014	30	AAA	Salt Lake Bees	—	273	241	63	16	1	6	26	70	3	3	0	261	341	411	752	149	341	26	10	334	47	—	—	—	—	—	—
2015	31	AAA	Lehigh Valley IronPigs	—	25	23	7	3	0	0	1	3	0	0	0	304	333	435	768	130	350	12	4	327	50	—	—	—	—	—	—
▸ Career Totals (raw MLB only — historical actual)
MLB Career	—			—	231	208	45	10	0	6	21	64	1	1	0	216	291	351	642	135	283	28	9	290	82	-5	+0	-21	+17	+5	-0.4
▸ Career — adjusted (every ACTUAL line translated to park/league-neutral MLB equivalents)
2006	22	ROK MLE	Missoula Osprey	—	227	204	38	11	3	4	15	75	5	6	2	186	259	328	587	142	251	33	7	252	57	—	—	—	—	—	—
2007	23	A+ MLE	Visalia Oaks	—	320	304	66	12	1	9	15	86	1	4	2	217	256	352	608	135	271	27	5	260	62	—	—	—	—	—	—
2008	24	AA MLE	Mobile BayBears	—	331	311	72	23	2	9	11	95	2	3	2	232	262	405	667	174	285	29	3	281	76	—	—	—	—	—	—
2009	25	MLB MLE	Arizona Diamondbacks	—	30	28	7	2	0	1	2	7	0	0	0	250	300	429	729	179	300	23	7	322	104	+0	+0	-2	+7	+1	0.6
2009	25	AAA MLE	Reno Aces	—	355	336	92	25	4	7	15	84	3	13	3	274	311	435	745	161	346	24	4	321	103	—	—	—	—	—	—
2010	26	MLB MLE	Arizona Diamondbacks	—	106	96	19	6	0	2	10	32	0	1	0	198	274	323	597	125	295	30	9	275	73	-3	+0	-9	+5	+2	-0.4
2010	26	AAA MLE	Reno Aces	—	159	144	42	9	3	5	10	36	3	2	4	292	350	500	850	208	345	23	6	365	133	—	—	—	—	—	—
2011	27	AAA MLE	Norfolk Tides	—	353	326	65	10	0	5	22	100	3	0	4	199	256	276	532	77	267	28	6	235	45	—	—	—	—	—	—
2012	28	MLB MLE	Los Angeles Angels	—	95	85	18	1	0	3	8	25	1	0	0	212	287	329	617	118	263	26	8	278	75	-3	+0	-10	+4	+2	-0.7
2012	28	AAA MLE	Salt Lake Bees	—	143	129	22	6	1	3	9	51	1	0	1	171	230	302	533	132	236	36	6	229	41	—	—	—	—	—	—
2013	29	AAA MLE	Salt Lake Bees	—	284	262	48	10	1	6	18	100	0	3	1	183	236	298	533	115	259	35	6	232	43	—	—	—	—	—	—
2014	30	AAA MLE	Salt Lake Bees	—	273	251	47	11	1	4	16	92	3	3	0	187	244	287	531	100	272	34	6	237	47	—	—	—	—	—	—
2015	31	AAA MLE	Lehigh Valley IronPigs	—	25	23	6	2	0	0	1	4	0	0	0	261	292	348	639	87	269	16	4	242	50	—	—	—	—	—	—
2006	22	ROK MLE	Missoula Osprey	—	227	204	38	11	3	4	15	75	5	6	2	186	259	328	587	142	266	33	7	252	57	—	—	—	—	—	—
2006	22	ROK RAW	Missoula Osprey	—	227	192	52	16	4	6	27	52	5	6	2	271	375	490	865	219	336	23	12	377	57	—	—	—	—	—	—
2007	23	A+ MLE	Visalia Oaks	—	320	304	66	12	1	9	15	86	1	4	2	217	256	352	608	135	273	27	5	260	62	—	—	—	—	—	—
2007	23	A+ RAW	Visalia Oaks	—	320	297	78	16	1	10	22	64	1	4	2	263	316	424	740	162	305	20	7	329	62	—	—	—	—	—	—
2008	24	AA MLE	Mobile BayBears	—	331	311	72	23	2	9	11	95	2	3	2	232	262	405	667	174	294	29	3	281	76	—	—	—	—	—	—
2008	24	AA RAW	Mobile BayBears	—	331	306	82	26	2	11	16	78	2	3	2	268	309	474	782	206	317	24	5	336	76	—	—	—	—	—	—
2009	25	AAA MLE	2 teams	—	385	364	99	27	4	8	17	91	3	13	3	272	310	434	744	162	342	24	4	321	103	—	—	—	—	—	—
2009	25	AAA RAW	2 teams	—	385	357	115	33	5	10	24	72	3	13	3	322	370	527	896	204	380	19	6	392	103	—	—	—	—	—	—
2010	26	AAA MLE	3 teams	—	303	274	70	17	3	8	23	77	3	3	4	255	320	427	747	172	325	25	8	329	109	—	—	—	—	—	—
2010	26	AAA RAW	3 teams	—	303	267	80	22	4	10	30	67	3	3	4	300	377	524	901	225	365	22	10	391	109	—	—	—	—	—	—
2011	27	AAA MLE	Norfolk Tides	—	353	326	65	10	0	5	22	100	3	0	4	199	256	276	532	77	270	28	6	235	45	—	—	—	—	—	—
2011	27	AAA RAW	Norfolk Tides	—	353	317	80	13	0	6	31	80	3	0	4	252	325	350	675	98	319	23	9	307	45	—	—	—	—	—	—
2012	28	AAA MLE	2 teams	—	238	214	40	7	1	6	17	76	2	0	1	187	253	313	566	126	254	32	7	249	54	—	—	—	—	—	—
2012	28	AAA RAW	2 teams	—	238	211	47	9	2	7	20	65	2	0	1	223	296	384	680	161	284	27	8	298	54	—	—	—	—	—	—
2013	29	AAA MLE	Salt Lake Bees	—	284	262	48	10	1	6	18	100	0	3	1	183	236	298	533	115	264	35	6	232	43	—	—	—	—	—	—
2013	29	AAA RAW	Salt Lake Bees	—	284	253	60	13	1	8	27	75	0	3	1	237	311	391	702	154	301	26	10	310	43	—	—	—	—	—	—
2014	30	AAA MLE	Salt Lake Bees	—	273	251	47	11	1	4	16	92	3	3	0	187	244	287	531	100	274	34	6	237	47	—	—	—	—	—	—
2014	30	AAA RAW	Salt Lake Bees	—	273	241	63	16	1	6	26	70	3	3	0	261	341	411	752	149	341	26	10	334	47	—	—	—	—	—	—
2015	31	AAA MLE	Lehigh Valley IronPigs	—	25	23	6	2	0	0	1	4	0	0	0	261	292	348	639	87	316	16	4	242	50	—	—	—	—	—	—
2015	31	AAA RAW	Lehigh Valley IronPigs	—	25	23	7	3	0	0	1	3	0	0	0	304	333	435	768	130	350	12	4	327	50	—	—	—	—	—	—
2006	22	ROK MLE	Missoula Osprey	—	227	205	38	11	3	4	15	75	5	6	2	185	259	327	586	141	251	33	7	252	57	—	—	—	—	—	—
2007	23	A+ MLE	Visalia Oaks	—	320	301	66	12	1	9	15	86	1	4	2	219	256	355	612	136	271	27	5	260	62	—	—	—	—	—	—
2008	24	AA MLE	Mobile BayBears	—	331	315	72	23	2	9	11	95	2	3	2	229	262	400	662	171	285	29	3	281	76	—	—	—	—	—	—
2009	25	AAA MLE	2 teams	—	385	362	99	27	4	8	17	91	3	13	3	273	310	436	746	163	342	24	4	321	103	—	—	—	—	—	—
2010	26	AAA MLE	3 teams	—	303	274	70	17	3	8	23	77	3	3	4	255	320	427	747	172	325	25	8	329	109	—	—	—	—	—	—
2011	27	AAA MLE	Norfolk Tides	—	353	325	65	10	0	5	22	100	3	0	4	200	256	277	533	77	267	28	6	235	45	—	—	—	—	—	—
2012	28	AAA MLE	2 teams	—	238	217	40	7	1	6	17	76	2	0	1	184	253	309	562	124	247	32	7	249	54	—	—	—	—	—	—
2013	29	AAA MLE	Salt Lake Bees	—	284	264	48	10	1	6	18	100	0	3	1	182	236	295	531	114	259	35	6	232	43	—	—	—	—	—	—
2014	30	AAA MLE	Salt Lake Bees	—	273	252	47	11	1	4	16	92	3	3	0	187	244	286	530	99	272	34	6	237	47	—	—	—	—	—	—
2015	31	AAA MLE	Lehigh Valley IronPigs	—	25	24	6	2	0	0	1	4	0	0	0	250	292	333	625	83	269	16	4	242	50	—	—	—	—	—	—
▸ Career Totals
▸ Career totals — MLB only (actual + projected)
Career	—	A+C		—	231	208	45	10	0	6	21	64	1	1	0	216	291	351	642	135	283	28	9	290	68	-5	+0	-21	+17	+5	-0.4
/ 162G	—	A+C		—	650	585	127	28	0	17	59	180	3	3	0	217	292	352	644	135	284	28	9	290	68	-14	+1	-58	+47	+14	-1.0
Career	—	MLE		—	2739	2533	551	130	16	59	155	796	22	35	19	218	269	351	620	134	290	29	6	269	68	-5	+0	-21	+17	+5	-0.4
/ 162G	—	MLE		—	650	601	131	31	4	14	37	189	5	8	5	218	269	353	622	135	290	29	6	269	68	-14	+1	-58	+47	+14	-1.0

How the minor-league lines were translated

One row per minor-league stint. Open a row to see each step: the raw rate, the park adjustment, the league/level factor, the age adjustment (hitters) and the resulting MLE rate. Factors are the same ones listed on the MLE Factors page.

2015 AAALehigh Valley IronPigs · 25 PAwOBA .318 → .242 (−76)K% 12.0% → 14.1%

Component	Raw	Park ÷	Level factor ×	GB/FB ×	Age ×	= MLE
K% /PA	12.00%	÷1.019	×1.200	—	—	14.13%
BB% (unintentional) /PA	4.00%	÷1.013	×0.690	—	×0.952	2.59%
HBP% /PA	0.00%	—	×0.940	—	×0.952	0.00%
Singles /BIP	20.00%	÷0.991	×0.930	—	×0.952	17.86%
Doubles /BIP	15.00%	÷1.314	×0.830	—	×0.952	9.02%
Triples /BIP	0.00%	÷0.921	×0.970	—	×0.952	0.00%
Home runs /BIP	0.00%	÷0.845	×0.840	—	×0.952	0.00%

Factors used: league row IL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 69, 1B 98, 2B 163, 3B 84, K 104, BB 103 — applied at half strength. Age: age 32 vs a level average of 27.2 → −4.8% on BB/HBP/hit rates (4.8 yr older than average).

Result: wOBA .318 → .242; ISO .130 → .082; BABIP .350 → .269. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2014 AAASalt Lake Bees · 273 PAwOBA .326 → .237 (−90)K% 25.6% → 33.6%

Component	Raw	Park ÷	Level factor ×	GB/FB ×	Age ×	= MLE
K% /PA	25.64%	÷0.986	×1.290	—	—	33.56%
BB% (unintentional) /PA	9.16%	÷1.043	×0.710	—	×0.962	6.00%
HBP% /PA	1.10%	—	×0.980	—	×0.962	1.04%
Singles /BIP	23.39%	÷1.013	×0.900	×0.969	×0.962	19.39%
Doubles /BIP	9.36%	÷1.005	×0.810	×0.969	×0.962	7.03%
Triples /BIP	0.58%	÷0.958	×0.810	×0.969	×0.962	0.46%
Home runs /BIP	3.51%	÷1.139	×0.780	—	×0.962	2.31%

Factors used: league row PCL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 128, 1B 103, 2B 101, 3B 92, K 97, BB 109 — applied at half strength. Age: age 31 vs a level average of 27.2 → −3.8% on BB/HBP/hit rates (3.8 yr older than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.969.

Result: wOBA .326 → .237; ISO .149 → .100; BABIP .341 → .272. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2013 AAASalt Lake Bees · 284 PAwOBA .306 → .232 (−73)K% 26.4% → 35.3%

Component	Raw	Park ÷	Level factor ×	GB/FB ×	Age ×	= MLE
K% /PA	26.41%	÷0.964	×1.290	—	—	35.33%
BB% (unintentional) /PA	9.51%	÷1.016	×0.710	—	×0.972	6.46%
HBP% /PA	0.00%	—	×0.980	—	×0.972	0.00%
Singles /BIP	21.35%	÷0.997	×0.900	×1.017	×0.972	19.05%
Doubles /BIP	7.30%	÷0.977	×0.810	×1.017	×0.972	5.99%
Triples /BIP	0.56%	÷1.150	×0.810	×1.017	×0.972	0.39%
Home runs /BIP	4.49%	÷0.973	×0.780	—	×0.972	3.50%

Factors used: league row PCL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 95, 1B 99, 2B 95, 3B 130, K 93, BB 103 — applied at half strength. Age: age 30 vs a level average of 27.2 → −2.8% on BB/HBP/hit rates (2.8 yr older than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×1.017.

Result: wOBA .306 → .232; ISO .154 → .113; BABIP .301 → .259. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2012 AAASalt Lake Bees · 143 PAwOBA .307 → .229 (−78)K% 28.0% → 35.9%

Component	Raw	Park ÷	Level factor ×	GB/FB ×	Age ×	= MLE
K% /PA	27.97%	÷1.005	×1.290	—	—	35.90%
BB% (unintentional) /PA	8.39%	÷0.914	×0.710	—	×0.982	6.40%
HBP% /PA	0.70%	—	×0.980	—	×0.982	0.67%
Singles /BIP	17.44%	÷1.029	×0.900	×0.981	×0.982	14.69%
Doubles /BIP	9.30%	÷1.022	×0.810	×0.981	×0.982	7.11%
Triples /BIP	2.33%	÷1.150	×0.810	×0.981	×0.982	1.58%
Home runs /BIP	4.65%	÷1.053	×0.780	—	×0.982	3.38%

Factors used: league row PCL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 111, 1B 106, 2B 104, 3B 130, K 101, BB 83 — applied at half strength. Age: age 29 vs a level average of 27.2 → −1.8% on BB/HBP/hit rates (1.8 yr older than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.981.

Result: wOBA .307 → .229; ISO .190 → .132; BABIP .298 → .236. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2011 AAANorfolk Tides · 353 PAwOBA .300 → .235 (−65)K% 22.7% → 28.4%

Component	Raw	Park ÷	Level factor ×	GB/FB ×	Age ×	= MLE
K% /PA	22.66%	÷0.956	×1.200	—	—	28.45%
BB% (unintentional) /PA	8.78%	÷0.966	×0.690	—	×0.992	6.22%
HBP% /PA	0.85%	—	×0.940	—	×0.992	0.79%
Singles /BIP	25.74%	÷1.032	×0.930	×0.959	×0.992	22.07%
Doubles /BIP	5.49%	÷1.038	×0.830	×0.959	×0.992	4.17%
Triples /BIP	0.00%	÷1.127	×0.970	×0.959	×0.992	0.00%
Home runs /BIP	2.53%	÷1.036	×0.840	—	×0.992	2.04%

Factors used: league row IL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 107, 1B 106, 2B 108, 3B 125, K 91, BB 93 — applied at half strength. Age: age 28 vs a level average of 27.2 → −0.8% on BB/HBP/hit rates (0.8 yr older than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.959.

Result: wOBA .300 → .235; ISO .098 → .074; BABIP .319 → .267. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2010 AAAReno Aces · 159 PAwOBA .464 → .365 (−100)K% 16.4% → 22.5%

Component	Raw	Park ÷	Level factor ×	GB/FB ×	Age ×	= MLE
K% /PA	16.35%	÷0.938	×1.290	—	—	22.49%
BB% (unintentional) /PA	9.43%	÷1.093	×0.710	—	×1.003	6.15%
HBP% /PA	1.89%	—	×0.980	—	×1.003	1.85%
Singles /BIP	25.00%	÷0.984	×0.900	×1.003	×1.003	22.99%
Doubles /BIP	10.71%	÷1.087	×0.810	×1.003	×1.003	8.03%
Triples /BIP	3.57%	÷1.150	×0.810	×1.003	×1.003	2.53%
Home runs /BIP	6.25%	÷1.061	×0.780	—	×1.003	4.61%

Factors used: league row PCL. Park (home-season share, regressed): HR 112, 1B 97, 2B 117, 3B 130, K 88, BB 119 — applied at half strength. Age: age 27 vs a level average of 27.2 → +0.3% on BB/HBP/hit rates (0.2 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×1.003.

Result: wOBA .464 → .365; ISO .297 → .216; BABIP .411 → .345. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2009 AAAReno Aces · 355 PAwOBA .387 → .321 (−66)K% 18.3% → 23.6%

Component	Raw	Park ÷	Level factor ×	GB/FB ×	Age ×	= MLE
K% /PA	18.31%	÷1.000	×1.290	—	—	23.62%
BB% (unintentional) /PA	5.92%	÷1.000	×0.710	—	×1.018	4.28%
HBP% /PA	0.85%	—	×0.980	—	×1.018	0.84%
Singles /BIP	23.86%	÷1.000	×0.900	×1.020	×1.018	22.30%
Doubles /BIP	11.74%	÷1.000	×0.810	×1.020	×1.018	9.88%
Triples /BIP	1.89%	÷1.000	×0.810	×1.020	×1.018	1.59%
Home runs /BIP	3.41%	÷1.000	×0.780	—	×1.018	2.71%

Factors used: league row PCL. Park (home-season share, regressed): no park row on file (treated as neutral) — applied at half strength. Age: age 26 vs a level average of 27.2 → +1.8% on BB/HBP/hit rates (1.2 yr younger than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×1.020.

Result: wOBA .387 → .321; ISO .207 → .163; BABIP .387 → .346. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

2008 AAMobile BayBears · 331 PAwOBA .333 → .281 (−52)K% 23.6% → 28.7%

Component	Raw	Park ÷	Level factor ×	GB/FB ×	Age ×	= MLE
K% /PA	23.56%	÷1.000	×1.220	—	—	28.75%
BB% (unintentional) /PA	4.83%	÷1.000	×0.680	—	×0.998	3.28%
HBP% /PA	0.60%	—	×0.840	—	×0.998	0.51%
Singles /BIP	18.86%	÷1.000	×0.920	×0.995	×0.998	17.22%
Doubles /BIP	11.40%	÷1.000	×0.910	×0.995	×0.998	10.30%
Triples /BIP	0.88%	÷1.000	×0.880	×0.995	×0.998	0.77%
Home runs /BIP	4.82%	÷1.000	×0.800	—	×0.998	3.85%

Factors used: league row SL. Park (home-season share, regressed): no park row on file (treated as neutral) — applied at half strength. Age: age 25 vs a level average of 24.8 → −0.2% on BB/HBP/hit rates (0.2 yr older than average). Ground-ball/fly-ball mix moves 1B/2B/3B by ×0.995.

Result: wOBA .333 → .281; ISO .206 → .171; BABIP .317 → .285. Both wOBAs use the same linear weights, so the change is the translation alone. The MLE line is not regressed to the mean — regression happens later, when seasons are blended into a projection (how).

Not traceable per stint: some stints lack the counting stats the component translation needs. Level-wide factors that apply instead — .